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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is innate resistance and what is it affected by?
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An individual's genetically predetermined resistance to certain diseases; affected by gender, age, nutritional status, socioeconomic status, and general health
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Define immunity.
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The specific ability of the body to counteract antigens (foreign organisms or substances)
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Define antigen.
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Any molecule that causes antibody production via antibody-generators, located on the surface of an invader
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Immunity results from the production of what two things?
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1. Antibodies (proteins or proteins combined with polysaccharides): bind to the antigens on invaders and kill or inactivate them; 2. Specialized lymphocytes
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What is another name for humoral immunity and what does it involve?
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Antibody-mediated immunity; involves the production of antibodies that act against foreign material or substances
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What is cell-mediated immunity?
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Phagocytic cells that are mediated by lymphocytes, primarily the T cell
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What are the different types of acquired immunity?
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Naturally acquired (passive and active) and artificially acquired (passive and active)
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Does naturally acquired active or naturally acquired passive last longer?
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Naturally acquired active immunity lasts longer
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Describe two of the major differences between humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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Humoral: involves antibodies produced by B lymphocytes
Cell-mediated: does not involve antibodies and depends on T lymphocytes |
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What do humoral and cell-mediated immunities help fight against?
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Humoral: bacteria, viruses, and toxins
Cell-mediated: intracellular bacteria and viruses, multicellular parasites, transplanted tissue, and cancer cells |
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Define antigen.
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A foreign chemical substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or activated T cells
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Define hapten.
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A low-molecular-weight substance that may cause the formation of antibodies when combined with a carrier molecule (protein)
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What is another name for an antibody?
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Immunoglobulin (Ig)
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How many antigen-binding sites does an antibody have?
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At least two identical antigen-binding (valence) sites
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What are the five types of Immunoglobulins (antibodies)?
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IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE
(A Girl Met Daffy's Ex) |
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Tell about IgA.
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10-15% of antibodies; found in the nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears, eyes, vagina, saliva, and tears; protects body surfaces exposed to the outside; a small % of people do not made IgA antibodies
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Tell about IgG.
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75-80% of the antibodies; smallest; found in all body fluids, most important for fighting bacteria and viral infections; the only type that can cross the placenta
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Tell about IgM.
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5-10% of antibodies; largest; found in blood and lymph fluid; first produced in response to an infection and will not reappear next time exposed; used to diagnose infectious diseases
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Tell about IgD.
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Found in small amounts in the tissues that line the abdominal or chest cavities; not well understood; bind to and activates basophils and mast cells (connective tissue); plays a role in allergic reactions to milk, some medications and some poisons
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Tell about IgE.
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Found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes; causes reaction against pollen, fungus spores, and animal dander; high levels in people with allergies
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What produces B cells?
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Bone marrow stem cells
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Where are mature B cells found?
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Lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen)
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What is apoptosis?
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Programmed cell death; this is followed by phagocytes digesting the remains
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What is clonal selection?
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A B cell becomes activated when an antigen reacts with antigen receptors on its surface; the activated B cell produces a clone of plasma cells (secrete antibody) and memory cells (remember antigen to fight future infections)
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What is clonal deletion?
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T cells and B cells that react with self antigens (hosts self) are destroyed during fetal development
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What occurs when an IgG or IgM antibody combines with two cells?
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Agglutination
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Which immunoglobulins trigger the complement system (MAC)?
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IgG and IgM
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What is an antibody titer?
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The amount of antibody in a serum
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What characterizes the bodies primary response (first contact with an antigen)?
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The appearance of IgM followed by IgG
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What characterizes the bodies secondary (aka anamnestic or memory) response?
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Primarily IgG along with a very high antibody titer
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What are hybridomas?
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They are produced in a lab by fusing a cancerous cell with a normal antibody-secreting plasma cell (B cell); they produce large quantities of an antibody
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What are monoclonal antibodies?
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Antibodies produced by a single hybridoma clone
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What are monoclonal antibodies used for?
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Used in serological tests (ID of Chalamydia streptococci, pregnancy tests), to prevent tissue rejections and to treat septic shock
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What are immunotoxins?
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They are made by combining a monoclonal antibody and a toxin; the toxin will then kill a specific cell ("Guided Weapon")
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What are cytokines?
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Small secreted proteins which mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation; communicators of the immune system
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What are three types of cytokines and their functions?
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Interleukins (IL): communicate between leukocytes
Interferons: protect agains viruses Chemokines: attrack leukocytes to the site of infection |
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Which type of cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
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T cells
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What happens to T cells after differentiation in the thymus gland?
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They migrate to the lymphoid tissue
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What to T cells differentiate into when they are stimulated by an antigen?
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Effector T cells (aka Th or T helper cells) and memory cells
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What to effector T cells do?
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Activate and direct other immune cells
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What are two nonspecific cellular components of immunity?
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Macrophages: become activated to have enhanced phagocytic ability
Natural killer (NK) cells: Lyse viral-infected and tumor cells |
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Outline the difference between T-dependent antigens and T-independent antigens.
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T-dependent antigens require T helper cells to activate B cells to produce antibodies against them; T-independent antigens directly activate B cells
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What is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
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With the help of the humoral immune system, the cell-mediated immune system stimulates NK cells and macrophages, to kill targeted cells; the target cell is first coated with antibodies, then the immune cells bind to those antibodies, finally the target cell is lysed by the immune cells' secreted substances
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What is ADCC useful in combatting?
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Helminthic parasites and protozoans that are too large to be phagocytized
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How do NK cells kill targeted cells?
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Their perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of target cell through which NK's granzymes and assoc'd molecules can enter where they induce apoptosis
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What is the difference between cell lysis and apoptosis?
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Lysing a virally infected cell would only release the parasites; apoptosis leads to destruction of the virus inside
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