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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bacteria
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simple, single-celled (unicellular)
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microbe whose genetic material isn't enclosed in a special nuclear membrane
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bacteria
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prokaryotes include both of these
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bacteria and archaea
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bacterial shapes
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bacillus (rodlike), coccus (spherical), and spiral (corkscrew or curved)
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bacterial cell walls are largely composed of:
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a carbohydrate and protein complex called peptidoglycan
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bacterial cell reproduction in which they divide into two equal cells
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binary fission
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moving appendages on bacteria
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flagella
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if they have cell walls they lack peptidoglycan
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archaea
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three main groups of archaea
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methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles
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organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells genetic material surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane
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fungi
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cell walls composed of chitin
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true fungi
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unicellular forms of fungi
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yeasts
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form visible masses called mycelia
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molds
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unicellular eukaryotic microbes
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protozoa
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photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms
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algae
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so small can only be seen with an electron microscope
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viruses
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acellular (not cellular) microbe
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virus
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simple structure containing a core made only of one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA
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virus
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the two major groups of parasitic works are flatworms and roundworms, collectively called
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helminths
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the system for the naming of organisms which was established in 1735 by Carolus Linnaeus
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nomenclature
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the first name of the organism in nomenclature, which is always capitalized
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genus
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the second name in nomenclature, isn't capitalized
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specific epithet
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first observation of cells, observed a thin slice of cork and reported that life's smallest structural units were "little boxes" or "cells"
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Robert Hooke, 1665
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his discovery marked the beginning of the cell theory
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Robert Hooke
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the theory that all living things are composed of cells
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cell theory
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probably the first to actually observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses o more than 400 microscopes he constructed
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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disproved spontaneous generation
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Louis Pasteur, 1861
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formulated the first vaccine
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Edward Jenner, 1798
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discovered the process of fermentation
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Louis Pasteur, 1857
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discovered the process of pasteruization
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Louis Pasteur, 1864
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the discovery that microoganisms might cause disease
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germ theory of disease
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discovered the germ theory of disease
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Robert Koch, 1876
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sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
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Koch's postulates
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the belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
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spontaneous generation
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the period from 1857 to 1914
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
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speculated about a "magic bullet" that could hund down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host
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Paul Erlich
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fired the first shot in the chemotherapy revolution by finding a chemotherapeutic agent effective against syphilis
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Paul Erlich, 1910
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discovered penicillin
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Alexander Fleming, 1928
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the study of bacteria
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bacteriology
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the study of fungi
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mycology
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the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
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parasitology
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the study of immunity
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immunology
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the study of viruses
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virology
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fragments of human or animal DNA that code for important proteins and can be attached to bacterial DNA
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recombinant DNA
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commercial use of microorganisms to produce some common foods and chemicals
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biotechnology
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which organelle most closely resembles a procaryotic cell
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mitochondria
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penicillin acts by
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interfering with cell wall synthesis
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the function of the cell membrane is to
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control what enters and exits the cell
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resolution (resolving power) and magnification are actually synonyms when used to describe characteristics of a microscope
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false
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when crystal violet, iodine, acetone, and safranin are used to stain a bacterial smear, the procedure is called
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the gram stain
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the work of Louis Pasteur is used to ______ the theory of spontaneous generation
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refute
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in DNA adenine always pairs up with _____ for its complementary base
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thymine
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in DNA cytosine pairs up with ____ for its complementary base
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guanine
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during tyndallization, both vegetative and endospores are likely to be killed
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true
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DNA is stored not only in chromosomes, it is also stored in
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plasmids
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a patient with AIDS is suspected of also having tuberculosis. if a sputum cuture is taken, a/an ____ stain would be ordered to look for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum
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acid-fast
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a pyrimidine is actually a type of
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nitrogen base
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an ____ bacterium will produce more ATP's from the same amount of glucose than an ____
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aerobic, anaerobic
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what is the purpose of using agar
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agar is used to solidify media on which bacteria and fungi are grown.
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either F+ or Hfr cells are required to act as the donor if transformation is going to occur
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false
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because the progeny each receive one old DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand, DNA replication is said to be
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semiconservative
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coliforms are gram-posivive rods
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false
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salmonella infections can be acquired through handling pet turtles
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true
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mannitol salg agar is an example of media which is
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both selective inhibition and differential
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clap is the street name used for the disease
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gonorrhea
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when a bacteria acquires a new gene that has come floating in solution and migrated into the cell, this process is called
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transformation
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infections with salmonella are usually
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foodborne
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if a mutation occurs in a segment of DNA, it is most likely to affect
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all future generations
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the enzyme used in genetic engineering to open a plasmid and produce "sticky ends" is called a
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restriction endonuclease
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restriction endonucleases would be expected to cut
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both plasmids and chromosomes
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall tumors. it has been used as a genetic engineering tool to move genes into
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plants
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Griffith's experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrated that the process ____ can occur in certain bacteria
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transformation
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if gene A mutates at a rate of 10 -2 per cell division, gene B mutat4es at a rate of 10 -7 per cell division, what is the chance that both genes will mutate in the same cell
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10 -9
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when a nitrogen base is added to the DNA, this causes a ____ mutation
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frameshift
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____, which has been associated with Mexican-style soft cheeses, can cause premature delivery in pregnant women
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Hemophilus influenzae type b is of greatest concern in
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young children
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the first recombinant DNA experiment was performed by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen. In their experiment, they moved a gene from a ____ to a ____ cell
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toad, bacterial
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Chlamydia trachomatis is a
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bacteria
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a "bacteriophage" is a
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virus that can infect a bacteria
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sickle cell anemia is due to a ____ mutation in the gene that codes for the beta chain in hemoglobin
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missense
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if a vaccine is designated as a "toxoid" that means it contains parts of bacterial cells
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false
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using the bacteria that causes cholera, Pasteur's nephew unwittingly led to the discovery that pathogens may become attenuated during
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in vitro culture
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haptens are more similar to ____ than ____
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antigens, antibodies
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____ have been called the master cell of the immune system because they can inhibit or enhance antibody production in vertebrates
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T-cells
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interferon's role i
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to protect neighboring cells against viral infection
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antigens usually are
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both multispecific and multivalent
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when performing the ELISA test, the result should be interpreted as follows
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the greater the dilution that exhibits a color change in the substrate, the greater the antibody titer of the patient
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with today's technology, when a test is run on a patient's serum to look for antibodies to Streptococcus, it is most likely to be a/an ____ test
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in vitro
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moses gets an influenza vaccine in October. this vaccine consists of killed viruses. the immunity that results would be an example of
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artificial active immunity
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Anna had a Staphylococcus infection when she was 12 years old. she is now 24 years old and pregnant. when antibodies that Anna produced to Staphylococcus cross the placenta and circulate in her baby, this is an example of ____ in the baby
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natural passive immunity
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the class of antibodies that is present in body secretions is
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IgA
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the class of antibodies that is elevated in the serum of pregnant women is
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IgD
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the class of antibodies that is primarily produced upon secondary exposure to antigen is
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IgG
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toxoid preparations are used for immunizing against
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diptheria
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in individuals who eventually develop an allergy to penicillin, a hapten-carrier complex induces antibody production. penicillin is functioning in this case as the
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hapten
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precipitation occurs when an antibody binds to a ____ antigen
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soluble
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each plasa cell producse antibodies against
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one type of antigen only
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associative recognition refers to the phenonemon whereby
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to recognize an antigen a helper T-cell must see it on the surface of a macrophage next to a "self" antigen (MHC II)
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most bacteria incerase in number through the process of
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binary fission
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the term "growth" when used for microorganisms, refers to
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an increase in cell number
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most bacteria that cause diseases in humans have a temperature optimum of approximately
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37 degrees celcius
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which organism could be found living in a Yellowstone hotspring
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thermophile
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which of the following microorganisms is an example of a hyperthermophile
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Pyrolobus fumarii
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the enzymes of alkaliphiles are not found in
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stomach acid
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why is molecular oxygen (O2) a toxic molecule for cells
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free radicals produced during O2 reduction pull electrons off of DNA
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what is the best definition of a "pure culture"
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a culture that contains only one type of microorganism
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what is the desired result of the quadrant streak plate technique
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obtain well isolated bacterial colonies
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you are attempting to prepare your plates, but your agar deep hardens before you can pour the plate. you can remelt your agar by putting the agar back into the 50 degree celcius waterbath
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false
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how many net ATP are produced from oxidation of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis
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2
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why can't oxidatio of glucose to pyruvate be the final stage in glucose catabolism
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it doesn't allow for re-oxidation of NADH and NAD+
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in an organism that undergoes fermentation, pyruvate may be
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reduced to lactic acid
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what isn't necessary for respiration
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oxygen
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Nitrobacter use carbon dioxide a their carbon source and nitrite as their energy source. these bacteria are
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chemolithotrophic autotrophs
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bacteria have their genetic material enclosed in a special nuclear envelope
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false
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fungi are
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eukaryotes
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helminths are multicellular animal parasites that are not strictly microorganisms
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true
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the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells is the concept of
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biogenesis
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the best definition of biotechnology is
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the use of living organisms to make desired products
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normal microbiota are found
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both inside and outside the body
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the genus is the first name and is always
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capitalized
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protozoa are
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unicellular
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viruses are
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acellular and very small and can only be seen with an electron microscope
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who proved that microorganisms cause disease
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Koch
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the atom is the ____ unit of matter
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smallest
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the sum of atomic weights of a molecule's atoms is called the
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molecular weight
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an ion with a positive charge is called a/an
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cation
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what is the type of bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the nitrogen of another molecule
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hydrogen bond
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what is the type of bond between carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atome in organic molecules
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covalent bond
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what type of bond is between ions in salt
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ionic bond
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identify the following reaction: H2O + CO2 <-> H2CO3
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exchange reaction
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identify the following reaction: lactose + H2O -> glucose + galactose
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hydrolysis reaction
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which type of molecule is composed of (CH2O) molecules
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carbohydrates
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these are the primary molecules making up plasma membranes in cells
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lipids
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what is the type of bond holding K+ and l- ions in Kl
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ionic bond
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what is the type of bond holding hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the molecules of H2O
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covalent
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identify the following reaction: glucose + fructose -> sucrose + water
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dehydration synthesis reaction
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identify the following reaction: NH4OH <-> NH3 + H2O
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reversible reaction
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which molecule has peptide bonds linking its subunits
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proteins
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what is a compound consisting of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio
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carbohydrates
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what isn't true of water molecules
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water molecules are formed by hydrolysis
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what is the type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water
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hydrogen
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which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol
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lipids
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a bond that is formed by the gain or loss of electrons from the outer electron shell
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ionic
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covalent bonds are formed by attraction between atoms that have lost or gained electrons
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false
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DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
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true
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the hydrogen bonding pattern in ice causes it to have less density than water, so that ice floats on the surfaces of lakes and streams
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true
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ionization is the separation of molecules into elements
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false
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water molecules are polar molecules with the oxygen retion of the molecule having a slight negative charge and the hydrogen regions of the molecule having a slight positive charge
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true
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compounds with the general formula R-OH are called acids
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false
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disaccharides are formed when two amino acid molecules bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction
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false
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a fat molecule is formed when a molecule of glycerol combines with one to three fatty acid molecules
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true
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treatments that affect the tertiary structure of the protein and leave the primary struction intact will not affect the function of the protein
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false
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when the bond of ATP's terminal phosphate group is hydrolyzed energy is required
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false
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the atomic number is
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the number of protons in the nucleus
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small organic molecules are joined to form macromolecules through
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condensation
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when an atom's outer electron shell is only partially filled, the atom is considered
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chemically unstable
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the valence of oxygen is 2. this means that oxygen has
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two unfilled spaces in its outermost energy level
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a negatively or positively charged atom is called a/an
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ion
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hydrogen bonds are important in the formation of
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interactions between complex molecules such as proteins
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what is true about a synthesis reaction
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new bonds are formed
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organic molecules always contain
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carbon and hydrogen
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which characteristic of water accounts for its excellent solvent properties
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water has a negatively charged portion and a positively charged portion
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which quality of water accounts for its charcteristic role as a reactant or product in many chemical reactions
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water can split into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion
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a base can be defined as
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a proton acceptor
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a solution with a pH of 5 is
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acidic
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the pH of a solution reflects the hydrogen ion concentration. a change from pH 7 to pH 8 reflects a ____ change in hydrogen ion concentration
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10 fold
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different functional groups confer different properties on organic molecules. for example, the hydroxyl group of alcohol is hydrophilic and thus
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attracts water to it
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polymers are macromolecules composed of repeating units. the units are called
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monomers
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when placed in water, phospholipids will orient themselves
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with phosphates associated with water and lipids clustered away from the water
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which cellular function is not attributed to proteins
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inheritance
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the ____ structure of proteins is the unique sequence of amino acids
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primary
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what is not a characteristic of RNA
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most commonly found as a double matrix
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in a chemical formula, the ratio of atoms in the compound is shown by numbers called
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subscripts
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a group of atoms that acts together as one charged atom is a
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polyatomic ion
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the elements that make up a compound and the ratios of the atoms of those elements can be shown in a
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chemical formula
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the name given to the combining ability of an atom is
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oxidation number
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how many electrons are needed in the outer energy levels of most atoms for the atom to be chemically stable
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8
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what is the name of the binary compound made of lithium and chlorine
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lithium chloride
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what kind of chemical bond is formed when electrons are gained and lost from atoms
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ionic
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what is the total number of atoms in the compound
Ca(ClO3)2 |
9
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force that holds together the atoms in a compound
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chemical bond
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an atom that has an electrical charge
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ion
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molecule that ha oppositely charged ends
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polar molecule
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number and sign written by the symbol of an ion to indicate its charge
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superscript
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the compound NaCl is an example of
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an ionic compound
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neutral particles formed as a result of the sharing of electrons are called
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molecules
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at room temperature, most covalent compounds are
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liquids or gases
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at room temperature, most ionic compounds are
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solids
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most of the matter around you is in the form of
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compounds
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the properties of a compound are ____ the properties of the elements that make up the compound
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different from
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a chemical bond is a ____ that holds together the atoms in a compound
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force
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the type of bond holding C and H atoms in glucose is a/an
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covalent bond
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what molecule contains long hydrocarbon chains
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lipids
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what molecule contains amino groups
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proteins
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ribose and adenine can be found in RNA and
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ATP
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