Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are the 8 cell structures that all eukaryotic cells have?
|
1.glycocalyx
2. cytoplasmic membrane 3. nucleus 4. mitochondria 5. endoplasmic reticulum 6. golgi apparatus 7. vacuole 8, cytoskeleton |
|
|
what are the 2 additional features that a eukaryotic cell may have?
|
locomotor appendages (flagellum)
chloroplasts |
|
|
what is the fungi cell wall like?
|
composition varies, layered appearance, thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers, CHITIN
|
|
|
what is cellulose or glycan cell wall like?
|
thin outer layer of protein, chemically simplier than peptidoglycan
|
|
|
what is algae's cell wall like?
|
composition varies, multi-layered appearance, contain CELLULOSE, PECTIN, MANNASE, various minerals (silica-diatoms) (Calcium carbonate-red algae)
|
|
|
what is the protozoa cell wall like?
|
different external structure. PELLICLE rigid layer beneath plasma membrane, simple structure (overlapping strips with ridges). Function: NOT strength ,BUT characteristic shape.
|
|
|
what is the eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane like?
|
basic function as in prok. Typical phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded. Usually contain STEROLS. Provides rigidity, stabilizes membrane.
|
|
|
what is the eukaryotic nucleus like?
|
compact
sphere seperated from cytoplasm by external boundary known as NUCLEAR ENVELOPE also contains nuclear pores, nucleolus, and chromatin |
|
|
what is the function of nuclear pores
|
provides a passageway fro macromole's to migrate
|
|
|
what is the function of nucleolus?
|
role in synthesizing RIBOSOMAL sub-units.
is contained in the nucleus as a dense granular mass |
|
|
what is chromatin like?
|
network of fibers. within the nucleus, composed of DNA and protein comprises Eukaryotic Chromosomes
|
|
|
what is the endoplasmic reticulum like?
|
series of flat parallel, thin pouches bounded by membranes.
|
|
|
what are the two types of ER?
|
smooth (SER) and rough (RER)
|
|
|
what is the function of smooth ER?
|
function in nutrient processing and synthesis. Storage of non-protein macromole's such as lipids.
|
|
|
what is the function of rough ER?
|
(embedded ribosomes): function in transport of materials from nucleus to cytoplasm to exterior. Protein synthesized (ribosomes) shunted into cavity of reticulum, held for packaging and transport.
|
|
|
what are the golgi apparatus of a eukaryotic cell like?
|
discrete organelle. Stack of flattened disk-shaped sacs (cisternae), (sacs have outer limiting membrane and cavities like ER). Closely assosiated with ER (location and function). Work together to form CONDENSING SECRETORY VESICLES
|
|
|
what are the ribosomes of a eukaryotic cell like?
|
similar to prok. both composed of LARGE and SMALL sub-units (RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN) but euk. larger (80S), originate from nucleolus
|
|
|
what are the two ways that ribosomes are distributed in the euk. cell?
|
freely scattered in CYTOPLASM
closely associated with R.E.R. |
|
|
what is the purpose of lysosomes?
|
(suicide bags) function: breakdown old/ damaged cells, release hydrolytic enzymes, self digest and destroy cell
|
|
|
where do the lysosomes originate?
|
vesicles in the golgi
|
|
|
what are the three types of other vesicles?
|
vacuoles
storage vacuoles contractile vacuoles |
|
|
what are vacuoles like?
|
membrane bound sacs, contain fluid/ solid particles to be digested, excreted or stored.
|
|
|
what is the purpose of storage vacuoles?
|
hold food reserves (e.g. starch, fats, glycogen)
|
|
|
what is the purpose of contractile vacuoles?
|
(Protozoa) repels water that diffuses in. Prevents bursting/ explosion of cell.
|
|
|
what is the purpose of the mitochondria?
|
energy generators of the cell.
|
|
|
what is the the two layers of the mitochondria?
|
outer and inner
|
|
|
what is the outer layer of the mitochondria like?
|
smooth and continuous
|
|
|
what is the inner layer of the mitochondria like?
|
folded within outer membrane (CRISTAE), finger-like in X-section (actually shelf-like)
CRISTAE increase surface for metabolic activity. Partition the organelle, seperate compartments |
|
|
where is the matrix located in the mitochondria?
|
space around CRISTAE. complex fluid
|
|
|
what is the function of the matrix?
|
major site for cellular respiration (O2 process), (extract chemical energy in nutrients and store as ATP). Unique organelles-divide indepently. Contain circular strands of DNA
|
|
|
what are chloroplasts like?
|
similar to mitochondria. found in algae
|
|
|
what is the function of chloroplasts?
|
capable of converting SUNLIGHT-> chemical energy. sites of PHOTOSYNTHETIC generation of ATP.
|
|
|
how many membranes do chloroplasts contain?
|
two, outer and inner
|
|
|
what is the inner membrane of a chloroplast like?
|
folded into small disk-like sacs (THYLAKOIDS), stacked onto to form piles (GRANA)
|
|
|
what is the interior membrane of a chlorplast like?
|
compartment, defined by inner membrane contains ground substance (STROMA) fixation of CO2 occurs (CHEMOSMOSIS)
|
|
|
what is the function of grana?
|
carry pigments
|
|
|
what are the two photosynthetic pigments?
|
chlorophylls and auxillary
|
|
|
what is the purpose of chlorophylls?
|
trap light energy, initiate photosynthetic generation of ATP
|
|
|
what is the purpose of auxillary pigments?
|
confer characteristic color of algae. Wavelength absorption of light for photosynthesis.
|
|
|
what is the overall function of cytoskeleton?
|
network that supports cell structure. Flexible framework of molecules
|
|
|
what are the 4 functions of the cytoskeleton?
|
1. anchors organelles
2. provides support 3. permits cell shape 4. permits cell movement |
|
|
what are the two types of element in the cytoskeleton?
|
microfilaments and microtubules
|
|
|
what are microtubles like?
|
thin protein strands. Attached to cell membrane, form network through the cytoplasm. Some responsible for cytoplasmic movement CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING ie. amoeboid motion. Extension of cell membrane into which cytoplasm flows PSEUDOPODIA
|
|
|
what are microtubules like?
|
long, hollow tubes. Rows of TUBULIN PROTEIN (in spirals)
|
|
|
what are the two functions of microtubules?
|
1. maintain shape of cells without walls
2. transport substances from one part of cell to another. |
|
|
what is an additonal function of microtubules?
|
role as spindle fibers in mitosis. Attachment to chromosomes, seperate into daughter cells
|
|
|
what are the fundamental components of cilia and flagella?
|
microtubules
|
|
|
what are the three groups of fungi?
|
macroscopic (mushrooms)
filamentous (moulds) unicellular (yeasts) |
|
|
define: Basidiomycetes
|
mushrooms; fruiting bodies
|
|
|
define: basidospores
|
sexual, found in gills
|
|
|
what are the two types of macroscopic fungi?
|
basidomycetes
basidiospores |
|
|
what is characteristic of filamentous fungi?
|
widespread (bread, stale cheese, fruit)
|
|
|
what kind of fungi is HYPHAE and what is it characteristic of?
|
hyphae form mats/ tufts they are filament fungi
|
|
|
where does MYCELIUM originate and how does it produce?
|
aerial branches of hyphae that contain asexual spores (CONIDIA)
|
|
|
true or false, some molds produce sexual spores?
|
true
|
|
|
define: conidia
|
asexual spores
|
|
|
what is the typical shape(s) of unicellular fungi?
|
spherical, oval, or cylindrical
|
|
|
how do unicellular fungi reproduce?
|
budding
|
|
|
what are most ascomycetes usually classified as?
|
unicellular fungi
|
|
|
Candida albicans is unique because it can exists in two forms, what are these forms?
|
yeast form (human tissue)
mycelial form (fungi) {in culture} |
|
|
what is the fungal form of candida albicans called?
|
pseudohyphae
|
|
|
how is fungi beneficial in nature?
|
ENZYMATIC SYSTEMS, degrade organic material
|
|
|
how is fungi beneficial to industries?
|
essential to many processes:
1.food- yeasts, fermentation; bread, wine, beer 2.fungi-preparation; some cheeses, soy sauce - no prep. mushrooms and truffles |
|
|
how is fungi beneficial to commerce?
|
production of organic acids (citric, gallic), certain drugs (ergometrime, cortisone), antibiotics (penicillin, griseofulvin)
|
|
|
how can fungi be harmful?
|
many pathogens that infect humans, animals, and plants
|
|
|
how can fungi be harmful to plants?
|
major cause (over 5,000) species, metabolic activity produces TOXINS (aflotoxin, mycotoxin), destroys crops, garden plants, wild plants, and animals
|
|
|
the pathogenesis of fungi- soil saprophytes does what?
|
releases spores that are ingested or inhaled
|
|
|
why are fungal diseases (mycoses) rare?
|
if inhaled, the fungal spores will land on the mucosal surface then will be attacked by the hosts immune system. If ingested, will vomit or expel
|
|
|
are molds aerobic or anaerboic?
|
aerobic
|
|
|
are yeasts aerobic or anerobic?
|
they are facultative anaerobes
|
|
|
what is the special media that prevents the growth of bacteria?
|
Sabouraud Agar (malotse, peptone, low pH, antibiotics)
|
|
|
why are antifungals toxic to the host?
|
because fungi are euk. like animals and plants, the cells are very similar
|
|
|
why are no vaccines available against fungi? (2 reasons)
|
1. fungal surfaces are poorly antigenic
2. mycoses are rare (restricted to certain groups of individuals) |
|
|
what are some characteristics of algae?
|
most present in freshwater and marine, some terrestrial, either unicellular or in aggregates. Carry out photosynthesis (DO NOT confuse with cyanobacteria)
|
|
|
true or false, diatoms do not contribute to phytoplankton (cool oceans)?
|
false, they do this is the reason that the water is so nutrient rich
|
|
|
true or false, diatoms are the ultimate food source for fish/ marine animals?
|
true, bottom of the food chain up
|
|
|
true or false, once the diatoms die they sink to the ocean floor (deposit as DIATOMACEOUS EARTH) and are used in detergents, fine abrasive polishes, paint removers, fertilizers?
|
true
|
|
|
true or false, diatoms are not used as an indicator of water quality?
|
false, they are
|
|
|
true or false, diatoms are used to control insects?
|
true
|
|
|
where are protozoa found and what are they like?
|
they are found in a variety of moist habitats, they are unicellular (lack a cell wall), larger than bacteria
|
|
|
what are the four groups of protozoa?
|
mastigophores
sarcodina cillophora sporozoans |
|
|
what are mastigophores like?
|
flagellates (motile-flagella)
|
|
|
what are sarcodina like?
|
amoebas (motile-amoebiod)
|
|
|
what are cillophora like?
|
cillates (possess cilia)
|
|
|
what are sporozoans like?
|
obligate parasites no motile adult stage
|
|
|
what are the two significant roles that protozoa have in the economy of nature?
|
1. contribute to plankton(food chain)
2. used in biochemical and molecular studies |
