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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Ethanol Concentration
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Optimum concentration is 70%
Table 7.5 |
100% yeilds growth, 95 to 60 no growth and growth at 50% until soaked for 30 min which will yeild no growth and growth at 40%
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Physical Methods of Microbial Control
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Heat, Moist heat Sterilization (autoclave), Pasteurization, Dry Heat Sterilization, Filtration, low temperatures, high pressure, desiccation, osmotic pressure, and radiation.
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Pasteurization
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Uses mild heating to eliminate pathogenic microbes and lower microbial numbers which prolongs miliks quality in the fridge3. Many heat-resistant bacteria survive but are unlikely to cause diseas or spoilage.
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The dairy industry routinely uses a test to determine whether products have been pasteurized:
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Phosphatase test- this is a enzyme naturally present in milk and if the product has been pasteurized, phsphatase will have been inactivated.
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Milk pasteurization today uses temps of at least 72 degrees celcius, but for only 15 seconds...aka
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High temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization.
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When using this type of pasteurization milk can be stored for several months without refridgeration....
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ultra-high temperatures (UHT)
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Pasteurization: Equivalent tx means...
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as teh temp is increases, much less time is needed to kill the same number of microbes.
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The preferred Method of sterilization
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Autoclave
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Sterilization in an autoclave is most effective when the organisms either are contacted by the ........or are contained in a ......
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steam directly or small volume of aqueous liquid
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At a pressure of ....psi all organisms except prions will be killed and their endospores in ...mn
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15psi and 15mn
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Moist heat sterilization including autoclaving and boiling kill microorganisms primarily by...
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coagulating proteins (denaturing) , which is cause by breakage of the hydrogen bonds that hold the protiens in their three-dimensional structure.
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Chemical Methods of Microbial Control
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Phenol and Penolics, Bisphenols, Biguanides, halogens, Alcohols, heavy metals (silver, copper), soags/detergents, acid-anionic sanitizers, quaternary ammonium componds, chemical food preservatives (sulfur dioxide), Antibiotics, Aldehydes, and Peroxygens (and plasmas).
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Remember that the ...of a disinfectant affects it action, so it should always be....exactly as specified by the .....
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concentration, diluted, manufacturer
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The ... of the medium often has a great effect on a ...activity.
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pH, disinfectants
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Another important disinfectant consideration is whether or not it will have easy .... with microbes. An area might need to be scrubbed and rinsed before the disinfectant is applied.
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contact
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In general, disinfection is a .... process. Thus, to be effective, a disinfectant might need to be left on a surface for ..... ....
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gradual, several hours
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Used in teaching labs to evaluate the efficacy of a Chemical agent....
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Disk-Diffusion Method
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Int he Disk-Diffusion method a ...of ....paper is soaked iwth a ...and placed on an ..... plate that has been previously ...and ....with the test organism. After incubation, if the chmical is effective, a ... zone representing .... of growth can be seen around the ....
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disk, filter, chemical, agar, innoculated, incubated, clear, disk.
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figure 7.6 pg 196
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The genetic information in a cell that includes chromosomes and plasmids....
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Genome
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Structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information and contain genes.
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Chromosome
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Repeating units of nucleotides that exists as long strands twisted together in pairs to form a double heliz.
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DNA
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DNA is made of up of a ... and ... backbone and a .... base. The two strands are held together by... bonds between their nitrogenous bases.
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sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous, hydrogen
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The base pairs always occur in specific ways: ....always with ... and ... always with .... These two strands are said to be......
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adenine - thymine....cytosine-guanine. Complementary,.
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Genotype???
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Organisms genetick makeup, the information that codes for all the particular characteristics of the organism,
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Phenotype
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The actual expressed properties, such as the organisms ability to perform a particular chemical reaction.
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Step 1: DNA REP: When replication begins, the ..... is relaxed by ......, and the two strands of ... DNA are ... by ... and seperated from each other in one small DNA segment after another. Free ... present in ... of cell are matched up to the exposed.. of the single-stranded ....DNA with appropriate sequences as such .........
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supercoiling, gyrase, parental unwound, helicase, nucleotides, cytoplasm, bases, parental, T-A, G-C.
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2nd step DNA rep: Once aligned, the newly added .... is joined to the growing DNA strand by DNA .... . Then the parental DNA is unwound a bit further to allow the ....of the next ... . The point at which replication occurs is called the .... .... .
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nucleotied, polymearase, addition, nucleotides, replication fork.
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3rd step DNA REP: As the replication for moves along the parental DNA, each of the unwound single strands ... with new .... . The original strand and this newly synthesized ... strand then .... . Because each new double-stranded DNa molecule contains ... original strand and one new strand, the process is called ....... ..... .
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combines,nucleotides, rewind, one, semiconservative replication.
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DNA Gyrase
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Relaxes supercoiling ahead of replication fork
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DNA Ligase
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Makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; joins okazaki fragments and new segments in excision repair
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DNA Polymerase
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Synthesizes DNA; proofreads and repairs DNA
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Endonucleases/Exonucleases
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Cuts dena from backbone in a strand of DNA and facilitates repair; Cut DNA from exposed ends and facilitates repari
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Helicase
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Unwinds double-stranded DNA
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RNA Polymerase
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Copies RNA from a DNA template
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RNA Primase
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An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template
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Topoisomerase
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Relases supercoiling ahead of the replication fork; seperates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication
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Transposase
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Cuts DNA backboe leaving single-stranded sticky ends.
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DNA sequencing
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A-T ( Adenine- Thymine) C-G (Cytosine - Guanine)
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The way in which the two strands fit together dictates that the ... - ... direction of one strand runs counter to the ... - .. direction of the other strand.
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3' - 5', 5' - 3'
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When genetic information in DNA is copied into a complementary base sequence of RNA it is called
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Transcription
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When the cell uses the information encoded in this RNA to synthesize specific proteins through the process of...
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Translation
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Transcriptioon: rRNA
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Forms intergeral part of ribosomes, the cellular machinary for protein synthesis
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Transcription: tRNA
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Involved in protein synthesis
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Transciption: mRNA
A pairs with ... instead of .... |
carries the coded information for making specific proteins form DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. U instead of T. Acts as a intermediate between the permanent storage form, DNA and the process that uses the information, translation.
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Steps in Transcription
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5
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1st step Transcription: .... polymerase binds to the ....., an d... unwinds at the begining of a ....
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RNA, promoter, DNA, gene
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2nd step Transciription: ... is synthesized by ..... base pairing of free .... with the ... bases on the template ... of ...... .
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RNA, complementary , nucleotides, nucleotide , strand, DNA
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3rd step Transcription: The site of synthesis moves along ...; ... that has been .... rewinds.
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DNA, DNA, transcribed
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4th step Transcription: ... reaches the .......
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Transcription, Terminator
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5th step Transcription: ... and RNA ..... are released and the ... helix .... .
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RNA, polymerase, DNA, re-forms.
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Transcription Initiation:
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RNA polymjerase unwinds DNA double helix at Promoter site.
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Transciption Elongation:
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Occurs while synthesizing mRNA along the way
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Transcription Termination:
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when termination site is reached, RNA polymerase and mRNA detach in cytoplasm.
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Start codon
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AUCG
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DNA REPlication steps 1-5 as per in class
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1). Enzyme DNA ..... relaxes supercoiling ahead of ..... ... . 2). .... unwinds double helix. 3). Two strand seperate from each other to allow for ... . 4). ... are exposed and ,.... . 5) DNA .... joins the new nucleotide to teh growing stand of .... . 6). ... strand continues to unwind and replicate until it reaches the .... . DNA ..... joins olazaki fragments.
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Gyrase, Replication Fork, Helicase, repilcation, Nucleotides, matches. Polymerase, DNA, DNA, Terminator. Lygase.
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8steps of Translation: 1st step: Start .... begins
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AUG (codon)
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Step 2) Tranlation:. ...... carrying first amino acid is paired with start ,,,, on ..... . This is called a ... site.
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tRNA, codon (AUG), mRNA, P
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Step 3) Translation: The second codon of the .... pairs with a ... carrying the second amino acid at the .... site. This joining occurs by .... bond. Attaching it to the ... site.
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mRNA, tRNA, A, Peptide, P.
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Step 4) Traslation: The P and A has now moved and the first .... now occupies the .... site.
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tRNA , E
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5th step translation): The second amino acid joins the third by another ... bond, and the first ...is released from the .. Site.
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peptide, tRNA, E.
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6th step translation): The ... continues to move along the ...., and new amino acids are added to the .....
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ribosome, mRNA, polypeptide
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7th step translation): When the .... reaches a ... codon, the ... is released. Common nonsense codons are: ... , ... , ...
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ribosome, stop, polypeptide, UAG, UGA, UAA.
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8th step translation): Finally, the last ... is released, and the ... comes apart. The released ..... forms a new .... .
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tRNA, ribosome, polypeptide, protein.
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Mutation
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is a change in the base sequence of DNA
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Base substitution: .....this may cause a missense mutation.
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a single base at one point in the DNA sequence is replaced with a different base. ex: AT substituted fr GC or CG for GC
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Missense Mutation:
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When the .... is translated into ..., the incorrect base may cause the insertion of an incorrect ... acid in the ... . If the base sustitution results in an amino acid substitution in the synthesized ..., this change in the DNA is known as....missense mutation.
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mRNA, protein, amino, protein, protein.
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A nonsense codon in the middle of an mRNA molecule, prevents synthesis of a complete functional prtoein...so a base substitution resulting in a nonsens codon is thus called....
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nonsense mutation
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In which one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA. These often result in altered amino acids and the production of an inactive protein.
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Frameshift mutation
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Occur in the absence of any mutation-causing agents. such as environment
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Sponaneous mutations.
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Mutagens are....
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Agents int eh environment, such as certain chemicals and radiation, that directly or indirectly bring about mutations.
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Genetic .... refers to the exchange of genes betweeen two ... molecules to form new combinations of ... on a ... .
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Recombination, DNA, genes, Chromosomes.
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How do mutations occur
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1). Radiation spontaneous
2). induced mutations 3). mutagens 4). Base analogs 5). Modification of base structure 6). Intercoagulants 7) DNA damage |
1). during replication
2). caused by mutagens 3). molecules or cheicals that damage DNA or chemistry chracteristic 4). 5). 6). 7). UV radiation |
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.... Plasmid: Carries genes for ... ... and transfer of the .... .
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Conjugative, sex pili, plasmid
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.......... plasmids: Encode .... for ..... of unusual compounds.
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Dissimilation, enzymes, catabolism
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... Factors: Encode .... resistance.
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R, antibiotic
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Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology is...
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Now microorganisms as well as entire plants are being used as "factories" to produce chemicals that the organisms don't naturally make.
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Recombinant DNA Technology:
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A gene from a vertebrate animal, including a human, can be inserted into the DNA of a bacterium, or gene from a virus into a yeast may be used. In many cases, the recipient can then be made to express the gene, which may code for commercialy usefull product. such as human insulin
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Clone
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many genetically indentical cells, each of which carries copies of the vector.
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Vectors are usually ..... bc they can replicate (the most important factor of a vector). They serve as vehicles for the ... of desired ... sequences. Smaller vectors are more ... manipulated than larger DNA molecules, which tend to be more ... . when necessary to retrieve cells containing the vector, a ... gene contained within the vector can often help make selection easy. .... are one of the primary vectors in use, particularly vairants of ... factor ... .
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Plasmids, replication, DNA, easily, Fragile, marker, Plasmids, R, plasmids.
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This technique can quickly amplify small samples of DNA so it is enough for analysis.....
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Transformation is a procedure during which ... can take ... DNA from the .... .... . E. coli does this by being ... in a solution of ... ... for a breif period . This makes the E. coli competent or able to uptake ... . Following this the competent E. coli and cloned DNA are mixed and given a mild ... shock. Some of these cells will then take up the ... .
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cells, up, surrounding environment, soaked, calcium chloride, plasmids, heat, DNA.
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A special class of DNA- cutting enzymes that exist in many bacteria.
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Restriction Enzymes
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Restriction enzymes protect a ... cell by ... phage .... .
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bacterial. hydrolyzing, DNA.
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Some of the Restriction enzymes (....) cut both strands of DNA in the same place, producing ...... .... .
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HaeIII, Blunt ends
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Some of the Restriction enzymes (....) make ... cutts in the two strands and this is called ..... .... . These are most usefull in ..... because they can be used to join two different pieces of DNA that were cut by the ... restriction enzyme. The sticky ends ... to stretches of ...-..... DNA by ... base pairing. The sticky ends join ...... by ... bonding. The enzyme DNA .. is used to .... link the ... of the DNA pieces, producing an rDNA molecule.
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HindIII, staggered, sticky ends, rDNA, same, stick, single-stranded, complementary, spontaneously, hydrogen (base pairing), Lygase, covalently, backbones.
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Collection of clones containing different DNA fragments is called a .... ...
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Genomic library
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Each Book of a genomic library is a ... or ... strain that contains a fragment of the ... . Such .... are essential for maintaining and retrieving DNA ... ; they can even be purchased commercially.
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bacterial, phage, genome, libraries, clones
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.... is easily grown, and researchers are very ... with this bacterium and its ... . For example, some inducible promoters, such as that of the ... operon, have been ..., and cloned genes can be attached to such .... . The synthesis of great amounts of the cloned gene product can then be directed by the addition of an .... . Such a method has been used to produce .... interferon in ..... .
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E. coli, familiar, genetics, lac, cloned, promoters, inducer, gamma, E. coli
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Began in Oct 1990 and Completed in 2003...goal was the sequence the entire human genome, approx 3 billion nucleotide pairs.
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Human Genome Project
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In genetic engineering, a plasmid must be inserted into a cell by ....., a procedure during which cells can take up ... from the ... .... . This is where the E. coli soaks in calcim chloride to aid take up as seen in previous card.
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trasnformation, DNA, surrounding environment.
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This way to transfer DNA to cells uses an electrical current to form microscopic pores in teh membrane of cells; the DNA then enters teh cells throug the pores.
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Electroporation
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.... are produced by enzymatically removing the cell wall, thereby allowing more direct access to the plasma membrane.
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Protoplasts
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Remarkable way to introduce foreign DNA into a Plant cell is to literally shot it directly through the thick cellulose walls using a .. ... . Microscopic particles of ... or .. are coated with DNA and .... by a burst of ... through the plant cell walls.
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Gene Gun, tungsten, gold, helium
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Protoplast Fusion steps 1-5:
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1). Bacterial cell walls are ... digest, producing ... .
2). in solution, ... are treated with .... .... . 3). ... fuse. 4). Segments of the two ... recombine. 5). Recominant cell grows .. cell wall. |
1). enzymatically, protoplasts
2). protoplasts, polyethylene glycol 3).Protoplasts 4). chromosomes 5) new |
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Archaea Characteristics:
1) cell type: 2). Cell Wall: 3). membrane lipids: 4). Antibiotic Sensitivity: |
1).Prokaryotic,
2). No peptidoglycan, 3). branched carbon chains attached to glycerold by ether linkage 4). No |
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Bacteria Characteristics:
1) Cell type: 2). Cell Wall: 3). Membrane Lipids: 4). Antibiotic Sensitivity: |
1). prokaryotic
2). peptidoglycan 3). straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage. 4). Yes |
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Eukarya Characteristics:
1). Cell Type: 2). Cell wall: 3). membrane lipids: 4). Antibiotic Sensitvity: |
1). Eukaryotic
2). contains carbohydrates 3). straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage 4). No |
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The Taxonomic Hierarchy:
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Domain: Eukarya/ Bacteria
Kingdom: Eukarya (Animalia, fungi, and plantae) and none assigned for bacteria. phylum class order family genus species |
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Domains: 1-3 with respective kingdoms
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1).Bacteria; Kingdom Bacteria
2) Domain Archaea; Kingdom Archaea 3). Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animale. |
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Endosymbiotic Theory; 1-3
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1) how a large host cell ingest bacteria
2). Dependent on one another for survival 3). Resulting in a permanent relationship |
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Classification of Eukaryotes
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1-4
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1) ..... Multicellular, no cell walls, chmoheterotrophic
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Animalia
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2). ..... Multicellular, Cellulose cell walls, usally photheterotrophic
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Plantae
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...... Chemohetertrophic, unicellular or multicellular, cell wals of chitin, developed from sponge or hyphi fragments
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Fungi
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..... A catch all kingdome for organisms that do not fit into other kingdoms...grouped into clades.
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Protista
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...... ...... provides a phylogenetic and identification information on ... and ... including: morphology, cell wall composition, differential staining, oxygen requirements, and biochemical testing. It is ... classified based on .... data.
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Bergey's Manual, Bacteria, Archaea, not, evolutionary
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.... Trees are based on ....... structures.
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Phylogenetic , rRNA
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This group includes most of the proteobacteria that are capable of growth at very low levels of nutrients.....
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alphaproteobacteria
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Some of the ..... have unusual morphology, including .... such as .. or ... known as prosthecae. They also include .... important bacteria capable of inducing .. fixation in ... with plants, and several plant and ... pathogens.
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alphaproteobacteria, prtrusions, stalks, buds, agriculturally, nitrogen, symbiosis, human
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Examples of alphaprtoeobacteria:
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pelagibacter, Azospirillum, Acetobacter and Gluconobacter, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium, Rhizobia, Bartonella, brucella, Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas, Wolbachia.
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.... is a gram-..... ...-shaped bacteria, or coccobacilli. It is transmitted to humans by ... of .. and .... . It enters host cell by inducing.... . They quickly enter the ..... of the cell and begin reproducing by ... ... . Responsible for .... .... ... transmitted by .... .(R. Rickettsia)
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Rikettsias, negative, rod, bites, insects, ticks, phagocytosis, cytoplasm, bi.nary fission, Rocky Mountain Fever, ticks
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The ..... are the largest subgroup of proteobacteria. It contains all of the following.....
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gammaproteobacteria, beggiatoa, Francisella, pseudomonadales, Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Azomona, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Legionellales, Legionella, Coxiella, Vibronales, Vibrio, Enterobacteriales, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus, yersinia, Erwinia, Enterobacter, Pasteurellales, Pasteurella, haemophilus.
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Members of the Pseudoomonadales is .... . They are gram ... aerobic ... or ... .
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Pseudomonas, negative, rod, cocci
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.... are aerobic, gram-..... ... that are motile by ... flagella. This can infect the urinary tract, ... and ... and can cause blood .... . This bacteria has cell wall ... that make it extrememly resistant to antibiotics.
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Pseudomonas, negative, rods, polar, burns, wounds, infections, porins
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..... are commonly found in streams and they colonize such habitaqts as ....-water supply lines in hospitals and water in the cooling towers of ... conditining systems. Their ability to survive and reproduce within aquatic ...often makes them difficult to eradicate in water systems.
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Legionella, warm, air,amoebae
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....are facultatively ... gram- .... ... . With a slight ... . This is the causative agent of ... . Characterized by profuse and watery ... . (gastroenteritis) usually transmitted by raw or undercooked .... .
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Vibrio, aneorobic, negative rods, curve, chlorea, Diarrhea, shellfish
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.... is a ... anaerobic, gram-.... ... that is motile. It's presence in water and food is an indication of ... contamination.
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Escherichia, Facultative, negative, rod, fecal,
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.... is also a faculatative ...., gram-..... .... that is motile. Common inhabitant of the .... tract and under unsanitary conditions they can .... food. They most sever illness cause by this is ... fever (Salmonella Typhi)
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Salmonella, anaerobe, negative, rod, intestinal, contaminate, typhoid.
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..... is same as salmonella and escherichia in morphology. It can cause urinary tract infections and nosocomial infections. Distributed in ... and animals, as well as water sewage and soil.
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Enterobactor, humans
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.... inhabit the ... membranes of the .. respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, and .... tract. Common cause of .... .
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haemophilus, mucus, upper, intestinal, menningitis.
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.... is the ... photosynthetic bacteria. Once named for their ...-... pigmentation aka blue-green algae. They are .... varied. Played an important role in the develpment of life on ... .
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Cyanobacteria, oxygenic, blue-green, morphologically,Earth.
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... Fungi can reproduce ... by fragmentation of their .... . In addition, both .... and ... reproduction in fungi occurs by the formation of .... .
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Filamentous asexually hyphae, sexual and asexual, spores
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.... spores are formed by the .. of one organism. When these spores ..., they become organisms that are .... identical to the ... .
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Asexual, hyphae, germinate, genetically, parent.
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... spores result from the ... of ... from two opposite mating strains of the same species of ... .
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Sexual, fusion, nuclei, fungus
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..... are relatively simple .... .... that lack the tissues of plants. Identified as .. and ...( multicellular) requiring microscopic examination. All algae can reproduce .... but they can also reproduce ... .
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Algae, eukaryotic photoautotrophs, unicellular and filamentous, asexually, sexually,
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.... are ... , eukaryotic ..... organisms, Reproduce ... by fission, budding, or schizogony. Trichomonas Vaginalis is a common human parasite. it is an .... but can also be transmitted by toilet facilities or towels
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Protozoa, unicelluar, chemoheterotrophic, STD
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..... has two phyla, the platyhelminthes (....) and Nematoda (.....). They are ... eukaryotic animals that generally possess digestive, circulatory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems.
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Helminths, flatworms, roundworms.
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Parasitic Helminths have 4 characteristics:
1). They may lack a ....system. 2). Their .... system is reduced. 3). Their means of ... is occasionally reduced or completely lacking 4). Their .... system is often complex |
digestive, nervous,locomotion, reproductive.
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the ...... ...... is the theory that the ..... and ..... contained within modern animal and plant cells were once free living bacteria that were engulfed by another bacterial cell leading to the....... cell.
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Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria, Chloroplasts,Eukaryotic
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