Microbiology - Microbial Genetics

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Gene

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Segment of DNA or RNA that encodes a protein

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Genome

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All of the genetic material in a cell

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Genotype

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Genetic potential

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Phenotype

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Expression of Genes

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Chromosome

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Structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information

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? contains genes

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Chromosomes

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Complementary

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One strand of DNA can act as a template for the other

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Template

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pattern

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Replication Fork

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Where the double helix of parental DNA separates

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Origin of Replication

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Site where replication fork originates

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Leading strand

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The one that is synthesized continuously (5'>3')

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Lagging strand

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Synthesized in pieces (Okazaki Fragments)

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DNA Polymerase

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Adds nucleotides

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Okazaki Fragments

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Chunks of material building lagging strand

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DNA Ligase

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Joins Okazaki fragments

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Transcription

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Process of DNA info being copied creating mRNA

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Translation

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mRNA > protein

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RNA Polymerase

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Binds to promoter sequence beginning transcription

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Codon

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Groups of 3 nucleotides that make up mRNA

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Anti-Codon

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What do genes code for?

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Proteins

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Structure of DNA

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Double stranded helix, 2 strands held together by H bonds between two paids of nucleotides

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What are the 4 nucleotide bases?

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Thiamine, Guanine, Cyosine, Adenine

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What does it mean when we say that a gene has been expressed?

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The ultimate protein for which a genes codes has been expressed

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What makes up the sides of DNA ladder?

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Deoxyribose sugars and phosphate

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What makes up the rungs of the ladder?

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Base pairs joined by H bonds

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Antiparallel

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Running in opposite directions

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Where does the energy come from for the synthesis of new DNA strands

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Nucleoside triphosphates

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Replication of DNA is semiconservative means?

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Half of the new DNA is actually the parent DNA

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What makes DNA replication faiarly accurate?

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DNA polymerase has proofreading capability

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Main enzyme used in transcription?

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RNA polymerase

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Where on the DNA molecule does RNA polymerase bind?

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Promoter sequence

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When does transcription stop?

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When it reaches terminator sequence

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How is RNA transcript processed to make mRNA?

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Introns are removed

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Sense Codons

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Code for Amino Acid

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Non-sense Codons

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Signal end of protein molecule synthesis

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What is meant by degeneracy of the code?

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There are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids

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Function of tRNA

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Transfers an animo acid to the ribosome in proper order

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Where does transcription take place in Eukaryotes

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Nucleus-must move out into cytoplasm for translation to begin

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Where does transcription take place in Prokaryotes?

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Cytoplasm - translation and transcription can begin at the same time

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Feedback inhibition

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stops the action of enzymes once enough of a product has been made

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Transcription of mRNA is regulated by

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Repression and induction

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Operon

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group of genes with related metabolic function (i.e. lac operon) has operator and promotor sites which regulate transcription. Regulated by regulatory gene

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I gene

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Regulatory gene - controls operon

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Mutation

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Change in the nitrogenous base sequence of SNA; that change often causes a change inthe protein product

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Mutagen

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agent that causes mutation

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Spontaneous Mutation

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Occurs in the absence of a mutagen

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Base Substitution

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Change in one base (may or may not be harmful)

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Silent Mutation

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Neutral, often occurs when one nucleotide is substituted for another (usually in the 3rd position)

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Missense mutation

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Base substitution that results in a change in the amino acid (ex sickle cell anemia)

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non-sense mutation

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Codes for a stop - no functional protein is produced

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Frame shift mutation

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insertion or deletion of nucleotide pairs, results in a long strand of out of whack amino acids

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Thymine dimer

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mutation often caused by UV radiation pairing two thymine together

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Auxotroph

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mutation giving an organism specific nutritional requirements

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genetic recombination

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exchange of genes between 2 DNA's to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome, contributes to diversity

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transformation

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Genes are transferred from 1 bacterium to another as "naked" DNA in solutions

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competent cell

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cell wall is altered to allow cell to take up donor DNA (think Griffith and the dead mice)

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Plasmid

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Self-replicating circular piece of DNA (not usually necessary for bacterial survival

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R-factor

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Plasmids that encode for antibiotic resistance

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Conjugation

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Exchange of plasmid DNA

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Transposon

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Segments of DNA that can move from one one region of DNA to another
(may inactivate genes by inserting into them. may contain genes fr enterotoxin or for antibiotic resistance)

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F factor

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Conjugative plasmid, carries gene for sex pili and transfer of plasmid. When F Factor is integrated into the chromosome of a cell the cell is called a Hfr (high frequency of recombination)

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Bacteriophage

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Virus that infects bacteria

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Transduction

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DNA is passed from one bacterium to another in a bacteriophage and then incorporated into the recipient's DNA