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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A bacterial cell has a BLANK outer envelope and a BLANK genome
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Thick....Compact
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What is the purpose of a thick outer envelope?
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Protection from environmental stress, and deter predators
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What are the benefits of having a compact genome? (2)
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1. Small genomes maximize production from limited resources
2.Coordinated cell function |
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What is the composition of the microbial cell? What is the main element?
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Approximately 70% water. The remaining 30% is macromolecules.
Carbon is the main element |
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Proteins make up BLANK of the dry weight of the microbial cell.
Name 7 functions |
55%
1. Catalysis, 3000 enzymes 2. Transport 3. Motion (ex: flagella) 4. Structure (in cell walls) 5. Toxins (ex: anthrax) 6. Chemical messengers/receptors (cascade reactions for mobility) 7. Ion binding (binding constants; ex: EDTA to reduce spoilage) |
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There are BLANK different amino acids
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20
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T OR F: all amino acids have an amino group and a carboxyl group.
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FALSE FOOL. All except proline
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Amino acids a linked in proteins via BLANK, a type of BLANK bond
This linkage is between the BLANK group and BLANK group |
Peptide
Covalent Carboxyl and Amino |
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Two amino acids linked via a peptide bond become a BLANK.
This is an example of a... |
Dipeptide
Condensation reaction |
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Many amino acids linked form a BLANK.
Peptides have a BLANK terminal and BLANK terminal end. |
Polypeptide
N and C |
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Describe the four different protein structures
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1. Primary structure: amino acid sequence.
2. Secondary structure: configuration from hydrogen bonding. (Beta and alpha) 3. Tertiary structure: 3D configuration 4. Quaternary structure: polypeptide chains that are linked together as a unit ex: hemoglobin |
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What are the two types of secondary protein structures? Name examples
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Beta sheets, seen in silk
Alpha helices seen in wool and collagen. |
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What are the two types of nucleic acids? What three things do they consist of?
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DNA and RNA
Each consists of: A five carbon sugar Nitrogenous base One or more phosphates |
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What pentose sugar is in DNA?
What are the nitrogenous bases? |
Deoxyribose
Pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine (T,C) Purines: adenine, guanine (A,G) In the double helix, (A binds T) 2 hydrogen bonds, (G binds C) 3 hydrogen bonds. The genetic material of the cell. |
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What is the diameter of DNA?
How many angstroms for a complete turn? How many bp per turn of the helix? |
20 angstroms
34 angstorms and 10bp/turn |
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Who discovered the structure of DNA through X-Ray crystallography?
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Rosalin Franklin
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How many bps in E. coli? What is it's MW?
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4.7million bps; MW: 2.5x10^9 Daltons
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What pentose sugar is in RNA?
What are the nitrogenous bases? |
Ribose
Pyrimidines: uracil, cytosine (U,C) Purines: adenine, guanine (A,G) |
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RNA is usually BLANK stranded
What are the three types of RNA? |
Single
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA. |
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What gives RNA its stability?
What type of RNA is the most stable (hint: cloverleaf)? |
Internal bonding
tRNA because of amino acid attachment |
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What attacks RNA?
What are the three subunits of RNA? Which subunit is used to ID bacteria (bps)? |
rNases
5s, 23s, 16s 16s; 1540bps |
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What is a gram positive rod that produces spores and causes food poisoning?
What about that causes anthrax? What about is used as an insecticide? (nickname) |
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus anthracis Bacillus thuringiensis aka bt toxin; |
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What is the energy currency of the cell? Name three types
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Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides |
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Name specific examples of the three types of carbs
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1. Monosaccharides: glucose
2. Disaccharides: sucrose 3. Polysaccharides: cellulose *(in plants) |
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How are polymers of glucose molecules linked in plants? In Humans
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Plants: 1,4 beta bonds
Humans: 1,4 alpha bonds |
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Lactose is disaccharide made from BLANK and BLANK
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galactose
glucose |
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What makes plaque (on teeth) and can cause periodontal disease?
How does it make plaque? |
streptococcus mutans
It works by taking sucrose and converting into dextrans; mutans also converts sucrose into acids |
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What are lipids?
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Organic molecules that are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents such as acetone.
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What are three forms of lipids?
Why are lipids important? |
Neutral fats, phospholipids and steroids.
Important role as a structural component of membranes. |
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What type of linkage is seen in lipids?
How many ATP units can get generated from a fatty acid? |
Ester linkage
144 ATP units |
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What breaks down lipids? What is a secondary effect of them?
What breaks down proteins? How much economic impact do they have? |
Lipases; they also provide flavor
Proteases; $1 billion |
