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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the Mycobacteria.
What 2 diseases do they cause? |
Rod shaped to filamentous bacteria that are acid fast due to the large amount of lipids in their cell walls.
Cause two diseases: tuberculosis and leprosy (M. leprae) |
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Describe the family Pseudomonadaceae.
They use a variety of carbon sources and are thus... They are wide spread in nature and cause... |
Gram negative, polar flagellated straight or curved rods.
useful for environmental clean up. a variety of diseases in plants, humans and animals. |
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Part of the family Pseudomonadaceae, describe P. aeruginosa:
It is a common soil and water organism that is a BLANK BLANK that grows at BLANK degrees C BLANK victims and the lungs of patients with BLANK BLANK are susceptible. Makes two pigments: BLANK, a siderophore, and BLANK, blue green pigment. It tests positive for BLANK and possibly produces a BLANK. It can infect any tissue in your body and compared to E. coli, it has a higher mortality rate because... In terms of epidemiology, BLANK% of patients in ICU have it and BLANK% of burn victims |
“opportunistic pathogen”; 42C
Burn; cystic fibrosis pyoverdin; pyocyanin Oxidase; capsule it's very resistant to antibiotics 90; 30 |
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--Other pseudomonads--
BLANK is found in the soil and water environments. It is non-pathogenic and useful for... BLANK is a plant pathogen found in nature and causes... BLANK is a pseudomonad that is both a plant and human pathogen. Example? |
P. putida; clean up applications in the environments.
P. syringe; diseases in tomatoes. P. cepacia Ex: Burkholdevia |
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What is another genus of the family Pseudomonadaceae that is a common plant pathogen?
What is a specific example that is a tomato pathogen? What about one that causes the disease citrus canker (but not in Florida)? What is a capsule or biopolymer made by x. campetris used in salad dressing? |
Xanthomanas
X. campestris and X. campestris pathovar citri xantham gum |
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Which families are gram negative rods that fix nitrogen either non symbiotically or symbiotically, respectively? Are they are threat to humans?
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Family Azotobateraceae & Rhizobiaceae; NO THREAT
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--Family Azotobateraceae & Rhizobiaceae--
1. Rhizobium BLANK fix nitrogen (N2 to NH3) into ammonia in... They accomplish this through the use of... The plants produce BLANK 2. Azotobacter are large ovoid cells that are known to have... How do they fix nitrogen? |
symbiotically; leguminous plants (peas, alfalfa, beans and clover.)
a oxygen sensitive nitrogenase enzyme. nodules the highest respiration rates. non-symbiotically |
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--Irregular, nonsporulating Gram positive rods--
BLANK BLANK are Gram BLANK bacteria that have BLANK shaped morphology. They contain stainable... Many are BLANK and normal flora in the human body. ------------- BLANK useful in silage and flavor in Swiss cheese fermentations. |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae; positive; club
polyphosphate granules. non-pathogenic ----------- Propionibacterium |
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What is a nonsporulating Gram Positive rod that is frequently found in dairy products?
What is it used for? |
Lactobacillus
used in yogurt fermentation |
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BLANK species are a gram positive, BLANK forming aerobic rods that produce BLANK and BLANK and are bio-pesticides.
Name an example that causes anthrax |
Bacillus; spore; enzymes and antibiotics
B. anthracis |
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What is a BLANK forming, gram positive BLANK rod that causes a number of human diseases?
What are 3 diseases this rod causes? Where is it normally found? |
spore; ANAEROBIC; Clostridium
Botulism, gas gangrene and tetnus. Normally found in soil and digestive tracts of animals. |
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What is a gram positive cocci, arranged in chains, that causes a number of illnesses such as streptococal pharyngitis (strep throat), pneumonia, and “Flesh eating bacteria”?
------ What is a gram positive cocci, arranged in tetrads, that respire glucose, rather than ferment it? |
Streptococcus pyogenes
------ Micrococcus |
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What are the 3 types of hemolytic activity?
Describe Streptolysin "O" and "S" Describe rheumatic fever in relation to s. pyogenes |
beta, alpha, gamma
O: oxygen labile (important as part of ASO titer test) and S: oxygen stable (seen in lab) s. pyogenes have cell wall that reacts to heart tissue; creates characteristic heart sounds |
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What are gram positive cocci that form pus called?
Staphylococcus are gram positive cocci. Describe two types. Why are they tough to treat? |
Pyogenic cocci
1. S. epidermidis are non-pathogenic and found on the skin. 2. S. aureus cause a variety of diseases (impetigo, osteomyelitis, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning.) They are Gram positive cocci in grape like clusters and are catalase positive. Tough to treat due to antibiotic resistance |
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Besides Actinomycetes, name examples of the following gram positive bacteria:
1. Gram Positive Cocci 2. Endospore forming Gram positive rods and cocci. 3. Regular, nonsporulating Gram positive rods. 4. Irregular, nonsporulating Gram positive rods. 5. The Mycobacteria |
1. Gram Positive Cocci: S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and
Micrococcus 2. Endospore forming Gram positive rods and cocci: B. anthracis and Clostridium 3. Regular, nonsporulating Gram positive rods: Lactobacillus 4. Irregular, nonsporulating Gram positive rods: Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Propionibacterium 5. The Mycobacteria: M. leprae |
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Family Methylomonadaceae contain genera BLANK and BLANK.
These bacteria are Gram negative BLANK and use BLANK compounds such as methane, methanol and formaldehyde as... This family be used to treat BLANK Describe their interesting pathway? |
Methylomonas and Methylococcus
cocci; 1-carbon; sole carbon and energy sources. formaldehyde CH4 to CH3OH to HCHO to HCOOH to CO2 + H2O |
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What family of Gram negative bacteria result in a number of human diseases?
What bacteria is a sexually transmitted disease that occurs in 1 million people annually in the US? Describe its structure? What bacteria causes meningitis in children and young adults? |
Family Neisseriaceae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae; A Gram negative aerobic coccus that is sometimes in kidney bean shaped pairs (diplococci) Neisseria meningitidis |
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Both N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis are BLANK positive and require increased levels of BLANK to grow.
What do they require as supplements? |
oxidase; CO2
amino acids, hemoglobin, and vitamins |
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Describe a boatload of details on N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis.
Maybe memorize? At least review |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
--oxidase positive --catalase positive (breaks down hydrogen peroxide) --no acid produced from glucose --epidemiology: 20-24 is biggest age group --50% females are infected on single exposure; males are 20% --single dose of ceflo something for treatment ---------------------------------------- Neisseria meningitidis --neurological disease in young adults --3000 cases per year; 20-24 age group --transmitted via airborne droplets or direct contact --can occur in kids 6 months to 5 years (causes neurological issues). --no acid from glucose --20 serotypes (based on capsules) --carriage rates in healthy adults is 10 to 30% --causes abrupt fever, headache; treated mortality rate is 15% --vaccine for this --can be grown on thayer-martin media |
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What bacteria causes causes infectious abortion in cattle?
What bacteria causes whooping cough? What bacteria causes Tularemia, an infectious disease? How is it transmittable to humans? When and where was it found? |
Brucella
Bordetella Francisella. Transmitted through rabbits. Found in early 1900s in California |
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Describe a boatload of details on Brucella and Bordetella
Maybe memorize? At least review |
Brucella: causes infectious abortion in cattle.
--causes brucellosis: "undulant fever" (brucella melitensus) --found in cattle, pigs, and goats and spread to humans --zoonosis bacterium localizes and spreads in "RES" system (lymphnodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow) which is critical for immune system --Produces endotoxin --treated with tetracyclin --flu like symptoms ------------------ Bordetella: causes whooping cough. --gram negative coccobacilus --pertisus: violent cough --found in 1900 by Bordef-Coenyou --starts as mild upper respitory infection --Endotoxin: pertusis toxin --creates fluids and inhibits nutriofills (white cells active in bacterial destruction) --treated with DPT vaccine |
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What are the 3 families of interest for Facultative Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods?
Which one is the representative family/genera? Which genera are lactose positive? Which are lactose negative? Which are slowly lactose positive? |
Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, Pasteurellaceae.
Enterobacteriaceae Lactose positive: escherichia (90% of uti), klebsiella Lactose negative: shigella, salmonella, proteus Slowly lactose positive: serratia |
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What are three genera within the family Enterobacteriaceae? Name what illnesses they cause.
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Escherichia produces LT and ST enterotoxins and causes an infection in the GI tract.
Salmonella causes causes enterocolitis, an infection of small and large intestine Shigella causes bloody/watery diarrhea |
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Describe a boatload of details on Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella
Maybe memorize? At least review |
Escherichia
--infection in GI tract --bacteria adhere to cells of lejumum/ileui --produces enterotoxins; LT and ST (diarrhea symptoms) -- + endotoxin ================ Salmonella --2400 serotypes ---causes disease with high dose, greater than 100,000 bacteria --causes enterocolitis: infection of small and large intestine --worst scenario: typhoid fever spread by fecal matter; infection begans in intestine and goes to gall bladder (typhoid mary) --monitor fecal matter --symptoms: diarrhea, heart issues, --Treated by fluid replacement, antibiotics and good hygiene ================ Shigella ---needs only a small infectious dose --only human disease --causes bloody/watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps --transmission is fecal to oral --seen in daycares and cruise ships --Treatment: need electrolyte fluid replacement |
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What are two examples of anaerobic, gram negative rods that are straight, curved, or helical?
These anaerobic bacteria do not tolerate BLANK and produce BLANK and BLANK Which is a common oral cavity anaerobe, responsible for periodontal disease? Which is most common organism in human feces? |
Bacteroides and Fusobacterium
oxygen; gases and foul discharges Fusobacterium Bacteroides |
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What do you call anaerobic bacteria that use sulfur or sulfate as electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?
Where do they live? Name a specific example and what it does. |
Sulfur reducing bacteria
These bacteria live in marine muds, brackish water, as well as the GI tract of animals and humans. Desulfovibrio, corrodes iron pipe, and produces hydrogen sulfide gas. |
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What are bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites, contain both DNA and RNA, and have a cell wall similar to the Gram negative cell?
They divide by BLANK BLANK and are susceptible to BLANK. Which bacterium is transmitted through the bite of a louse, flea, tick, or mite? |
Rickettsia and Chlamydia
binary fission; antibiotics Rickettsia |
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What are the smallest free living organisms and the only bacteria that exist normally without a cell wall?
They have BLANK in their cell membranes, which provide strength to maintain cell integrity. What must be present in the medium since they are unable to synthesize it? How do the colonies appear on solid media? What is a specific example of this genus and what does it cause? |
Mycoplasmas
sterols sterols; fried eggs Mycoplasma pneumoniae, causes primary atypical pneumoniae (PAP) that is penicillin resistant. |
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Describe some details of family Vibrionaceae
Name a specific species and what illness it causes |
Vibrionaceae
--Outbreaks occur because of poor water treatment so there is fecal matter in the water and food. --last worldwide epidemic was in 1970s in Asia --vibrio cholera only infects humans --Enterotoxin activates adenylate/odcylate cyclase cAMP (?) and causes 15 liters of rice water stools. Ex: Vibrio vulnificus --fatal septicemia from raw oysters; kills within 3 days --state monitors oyster |
