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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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light reactions create BLANK while dark reactions create BLANK
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oxygen
carbon |
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Calvin showed using C14 that molecules go everywhere in...
The only way to limit it to 3PG was to... |
carbon dioxide fixation
shorten the reaction to 3 seconds |
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ATP and NADPH from light reactions are used to...
Carbon appeared in 3PG and also in BLANK when 3PG decreased. |
incorporate CO2 into organic compounds.
ribulose 1,5 diphosphate |
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The Calvin Cycle aka Dark reactions involves the regeneration of BLANK in CO2 fixation.
Known as BLANK cycle due to intermediate BLANK. In this cycle, RuBP/RuDP is carboxylated and the resultant C6 molecule is... |
Rubisco aka RuBP/RuDP
C3; 3PG ..is split to form 2 3PG molecules. |
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BLANK is unique to the Calvin Cycle and represents BLANK of chloroplastic protein.
It actually has a low affinity for...! |
Rubisco; 50%
CO2 |
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How do nonphototropic bacteria derive their energy?
Name an example |
By the degradation of complex molecules in nature and need sources besides glucose
Ex: Psuedomonas use piney |
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Most carbs can't pass through cell membranes so they must be BLANK and BLANK
Name an example |
hydrolyzed and degraded
Ex: b-galactosidase degrades glucose to get lactose |
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Cellulose is made up of D-glucose subunits linked in...
Cellulose is BLANK of the dry weight of leaves, BLANK of woody plants, BLANK of cotton fiber, and cellulose represents BLANK of all the carbon in a plant. |
ß1,4 linkages
10%, 50%, 90%, and 50% |
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BLANK, degrade cellulose via...
Cellulose is cleaved into a disaccharide, BLANK, via BLANK. BLANK is transported across the plasma membrane. |
Ruminants; anaerobic bacteria
cellobiose; cellulase Cellobiose |
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Starch/glycogen is D-glucose linked in...
Starch abundant in... BLANK BLANK break down starch. Glycogen, broken down to BLANK and then into |
ALPHA 1,4 linkages. REMEMBER STARCH IS ALPHA!!!!
...tubers, roots, seeds and fruits. Microbial amylases glucose 1-P and glucose-6-P. |
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Chitin, which is in bacteria, fungi, and insects, is made up of...
They are broken down by... |
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymer, Beta 1,4 linkages. REMEMBER CHITIN IS BETA!!!!
Chitinases |
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Disaccharides: For the following, what is their linkage and enzyme that breaks them down?
Lactose: galactose-d-glucose Sucrose: glucose-fructose Maltose: glucose- glucose |
Beta 1,4 linkage; Lactococcus lactis? lactase
Alpha 1,2 linkage; sucrase Alpha 1,4 linkage; maltase |
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Gluconeogenesis is...
Glycolysis is... |
Gluconeogenesis, producing hexoses.
Glycolysis, the utilization of hexoses. |
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Coenzymes
NAD+, is used in BLANK reactions. NADP+, is used in BLANK reactions. The extra P group in NADP+ helps it to be recognized by... |
catabolic
anabolic the enzymes involved with biosynthesis (because it is involved with building up) |
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What occurs when cells must make hexoses (sugars/carbs) for structural purposes and is the reversal of the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?
EMP is not reversible, but this pathway is amphibolic. What does that mean? |
Gluconeogenesis
functions in both catabolism and anabolism. |
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EMP and TCA pathways are BLANK.
What is an example? |
amphibolic
Ex: glyceraldehyde-3-P in EMP made from pyruvate AND make amino acids (serine/glycine) |
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What is the largest group of macromolecules in a rapidly growing bacterial cell?
It makes up BLANK of the dry weight of E.coli. Usually BLANK to BLANK different types of BLANK in the cell. |
Protein
60% 2000 to 3000; proteins |
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Pentoses and/or pentose phosphate pathway are important for many reasons. Take a deep breath and name a few.
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1. Important in the nucleic acid molecule.
2. precursors for the aromatic amino acids like tryptophan 3. Important in the dark reactions in photosynthesis. |
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What pathway begins with glucose which is phosphorylated to glucose-6-P then oxidized to 6-phosphogluconate?
This molecule is then decarboxylated and oxidized to BLANK What is the electron carrier? |
pentose phosphate pathway
ribulose-5-P NADP |
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What is the fermentation of pairs of amino acids (ex: alanine and glycine) in Clostridium called?
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Stickland reaction
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bad bad bad), produces proteases which degrade proteins. Why is this a problem in burn wards?
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Pseudomonas can live off the carbon in the burn victim's antibiotics, rendering the antibiotic useless.
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Bacillus subtillus makes 8 different proteases; how big of a business is it?
What are 3 industrial applications of microbial proteases? |
$1.5 billion business
1. Tanning animal hides 2. Enzyme activated laundry detergent. 3. Meat tenderizers |
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What is the origin of amino acids?
What is this reaction called? What is an the reaction equation? |
biosynthesis from the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to an alpha keto acid; can go from one AA to another.
transamination reaction Glutamate + OAA --> alpha ketoglutarate + aspartate |
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What are the energy requirements of a Calvin Cycle to make a 6 carbon monosaacharide (hexose)?
How many turns of the cycle are needed? |
Six turns to make one 6 carbon hexose.
1 CO2, 3 ATP, and 2 NADPH are need PER TURN, so total of 6 CO2, 18 ATP, and 12 NADPH. |
