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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic Systems
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Blood vessels and heart
Moved blood in closed circuit Aka circulatory system Provides tissues with oxygen and nutrient and carries away carbon dioxide and waste products Lymphatic system helps to filter parts of circulatory system that you don’t want |
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The heart
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Divided into two halves
-each half divided into upper and lower chamber Upper chamber: atria Lower chamber: ventricles Covered by pericardium Three layers to the wall of the heart (outer an dinner) -epicardium (visceral pericardium around heart) -myocardium (muscular tissue in heart middle) -endocardium (tissue that lines ventricles and atria) |
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Lymphatic System
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One way passage
Returns fluids from the tissues to the cardiovascular system Build up of fluid called edema- lymphatic system removes the fluid Lymph nodes have lots of white blood cells- nodes are how things get filtered |
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Defenses of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
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Cardiovascular:
-highly protected -if microbes do invade, they gain access to every part of the body defenses in the blood stream =leukocytes |
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What kind of infections are blood stream infections?
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Systemic infections
Often with suffix –emia -viremia -fungemia -bacteremia -septicemia (can lead to septic shock) |
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Normal Biota of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
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None
Some microorganisms may be present transiently (filtering out of tissues) but they do not colonize the systems in the healthy state |
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Diseases
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Colonize the valves of the heart
Endocarditis: -inflammation of the endocardium -infection of the valves of the heart -acute (quick onset) and subacute (shorter onset, last longer) through cuts in skin- can get in treated with penicillin symptoms: -fever -anemia -abnormal heart beat -similar symptoms to heart attack abdominal or side pain maybe petechiae (small skin redness) over the upper half of the body and under the fingernails maybe subacute cases: -maybe enlarged spleen |
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Septicemias
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occurs when organisms are actively multiplying in the blood
many different bacteria and a few fungi can cause it symptoms: -fever -appears very ill -may have altered mental state -chills -gastrointestinal symptoms -low blood pressure exhibits increased breathing rate =respiratory alkalosis |
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Plague
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Form of septicemia
Three possible manisfestations: -pneumonic plague (respiratory disease) -bubonic plague (flea vector inject bacteria) -septicemic plague (case progresses to massive bacterial growth in the blood) |
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Bubonic Plague
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-flea vector inject bacteria
-enters lymph, filtered by a lymph node -infection causes inflammation and necrosisss of node -swollen lesions called a BUBO usually in the groin or axilla -incubation (2-8 days) symptoms: -fever -chills -weakness -tenderness of bubo |
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What are the biggest vectors for the plague?
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Mice
Flea Chipmunks Yersinia pestis (plague life cycle starts with animals) |
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Lyme Disease
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Non fatal
Arthopod- borrelia burgdorferi (tick is vector for the bacteria) Evolves into a progressive syndrome -mimics neuromuscular and rheumatoid conditions early symptoms: - rash at site of tick bite - fever - headache - stiff neck - dizziness Second stage -cardiac and neurological symptoms |
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Infectious Mononucleosis
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Also caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) Symptoms: -sore throat -high fever -cervical lymphadenopathy (nodes found in heard and neck) 30-50 days incubation (remains latent) maybe grey/white exudates in the throat, skin rash, enlarged spleen, liver sudden leukocytosis fatigue |
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What is leukocytosis?
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Increase in white blood cells
Can cause inflammation |
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Hemorrhagic Fever Diseases
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all caused by viruses
hemorrhages from nose, ect. Viruses in one of four families: -arenaviridea -filoviridae -flaviviridae -bunyaviridae |
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Yellow Fever
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Hemmorhagic
Capillary fragility Disrupts the blood clotting system Symptoms: -fever -headache -muscle pain progresses to: -oral hemorrhage -nosebleed -vomiting -juandice (increase in bile substances in blood, increased iron) -liver and kidney damage |
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Dengue Fever
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Hemorrhagic
More mild Progress to dengue hemorrhagic shock syndrome Causes severe pain in muscles and joints |
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Ebora and Margurg
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Cause similar symptoms
Capillary fragility and disruption of clotting Bleed from orifices, mucous membranes, massive internal and external hemorrhage Manifest a rash on the trunk in early stages |
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Lassa Fever- Arenaviridae
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Most asymptomatic
20% cases= severe hemorrhagic syndrome symptoms: chest pain hemorrhaging sore throat back pain vomiting diarrhea encephalitis many times if they survive they become deaf |
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Nonhemorrhagic Fever Disease
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Caused by bacteria
Brucellosis -on CDC list of possible bioterrorist agents bacteria carried into bloodstream by phagocytic cells -create focal lesions in liver, spleen, bond marrow, kidney fluctuating pattern of symptoms: -fever -chills -sweating -headache -muscle pain -weakness -weight loss gram negative brucella abortus (comes from cow hydes) |
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Q Fever
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Coxiella burnetii
Forms endospore structures Abrubpt onset -fever -chills -head and muscle ache -someitmes rash complicated by pneumonoitis (infection of lungs) hepatitis (infection of liver) endocarditis (infection of endocardium) |
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Cat-Scratch Disease
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Bartonella henselae
Symptoms start after 1-2 weeks Cluster of small papules at site of inoculation (from cat scrath) Lymph nodes swell and can become puss filled 1/3 of patients get high fever |
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Trench Fever
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Highly variable symptoms
5-6 day fever leg pains (tibial shin region) headache chills muscle aches macular rash endocarditic can develop |
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HGA and HME
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HGA- (human monocitic ehlichia) Ehlichia chaffenesis, affects granulocytes
HME (human monocitic) affects monocytes (parts of your immune system) Similar symptoms Acute febrile state Headache Muscle pain Rigors |
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Malaria
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Dominant protozoan disease
10-16 day incubation malaise fatigue aches nausea with or without diarrhea next: chills fever sweating symptoms occur 48 or 7 hour intervals intervals, length and regularity of symptoms reflect the type of malaria |
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Plasmodium Life Cycle
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Mosquito injects a saliva that keeps blood from coagulating
Plasmodium has sexual and asexual life cycle (asexual in human, sexual in mosquito) -injected in human -travels to liver cells -infects liver cells -undergoes transformation -divides to merozyte (sp?) state -these cells rupture liver cells and infect red blood cells -make diet out of hemoglobin -divides a bunch of times and forms new merozyte cells -lyses rbc’s and this repeats every 48-72 hours or forms gomitozytes -can be taken up my mosquito and forms sporozyte and can then be injected into human |
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
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rickettsii rickettsii
2-4 days incubation symptoms: -sustained fever -chills -headache -muscular pain 2-4 days after prodrome: spotted rash enlarged lesions merge and become necrotic in severe cases -cardiovascular disruption -restlessness -delirium -convulsion -tremor -coma |
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Leukemia
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general name for at least four different malignant diseases of the WBC forming elements originating in the bone marrow
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Adult T Cell Leukemia and Hairy Cell Leukemia (Human T cell lymphotropic virus)
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acute or chronic
two retroviral causes (there are other causes as well): -adult t cell leukemia by HTLV-I -hairy cell leukemia by HTLV-II signs and symptoms: -easy bruising -easy bleeding -paleness -fatigue -recurring minor infections |
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HIV and AIDS
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retrovirus: human immunodeficiency virus
-hybrid virus, generic sequences from two separate monkey SIVs Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
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What are the two things that the symptoms of HIV and AIDS are tied to?
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the level of virus in the blood
the level of T cells in the blood |
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Symptoms of HIV and AIDS
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vague, mononucleosis-like symptoms that disappear
-within days, about 50% of the T helper cells with memory for the virus are destroyed asymptomatic period-infection from 2-15 -during this, number of T cells in body is steadily decreasing -once T cells reach low enough levels, symptoms of AIDS ensue initial symptom of AIDS: -fatigue -diarrhea -weight loss -neurological changes as disease progresses: -opportunistic infections or neoplasms -severe immune deregulation (hormone inbalances, metabolic disturbances) -wasting of body masses -protracted fever, fatigue, sore throat, night sweats -lesions in brain, meninges, spinal column, peripheral nerves |
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CCR5-delta32 A Potential Cure
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Berlin- claimed they cured a man of AIDS
-gave him transplanted blood stem cells from a person naturally resistant to the virus UCLA: working on RNA hairpin scissors to cut out the bits of genetic material in blood stem cells that code for the receptors |
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What are the most common modes of transmission for HIV and AIDs?
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direct contact (sexual), parenteral (blood, borne), vertical (perinatal and via breast milk)
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How do you treat HIV and AIDS?
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HAART
reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus protease inhibitors |
