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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two components of the nervous system?
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PNS
-cranial and spinal nerves CNS: -brain and spinal cord -made of neurons -surrounded by bone -encased with meninges |
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what are the three functions of the nervous system?
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sensory
integrative motor |
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defenses of the nervous system
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bony casings
cusions of csf blood brain barrier immunological privileged site |
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normal biota of nervous system
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no normal biota
any microorganisms in the pns and cans is a deviation from the heathy state |
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diseases caused by microorganisms
-symptoms |
inflammation of meninges
infection bacteria are more serious headache, pain or stiff neck. fever, increased number of white blood cells is CSF |
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what is done with disease is suspected?
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lumbar puncture performed to obtain CSF
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Neisseria Meningitides
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gram negative diplococcic lined up side by side
aka meningococcus associated with epidemic forms of meningitis causes most serious form of meningitis |
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Listeria Monocytogenes
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gram positive
coccobacilli to long filaments in palisades formation resistant to cold, heat, salt, pH extreme, and bile normal adults- mild infection with nonspecific symptoms of fever, diarrhea, sore throat elderly/immunocompromised/fetus: affects the brain and meninges -results in septicemia |
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Haemophilus Influenza
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tiny, gram negative pleomorphic rods
sensitive to drying, temp extremes, disinfectants cause severe meningitis symptoms: fever stiff neck vomiting neurological impairment |
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Stretococcus Pneumonia
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small gram positive flattened coccus that appears in end to end pairs
aka pneumococcus most frequent cause of community-aquired meningitis very severe doens't cause petechiae of meningococcal menigitis -good for diagnostics |
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Cryptococcus Neoformans
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fungus (spherical to ovoid shape, large capsule)
chronic form of memigitis gradual onset of symptoms meningoenecphalitis headache (most common) nausea stiff neck |
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Coccidioides Immitis
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25 C: moist, white to brown colony, abundant, branching, septate hyphae
fragment into athroconidia when mature begins with pulmonary infection |
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Meningeoncephalitis
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encephalitis: inflammation of the brain
cause by two amoebas: -naegleria fowleri -acanthamoeba |
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viruses
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aseptic meningitis
mostly children 90% caused by enteroviruses milder than bacterial or fungal memingitis |
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Naegleria Fowleri
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small, flask shaped ameoba
forms rounded, thick walled, uninucleate cyst infection starts when amoebas are forced into human nasal passages -from swimming, diving burrows in nasal mucosa, multiplies, migrates into brain primary ameobic meningoencephalitits (PAM) |
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Acanthamoeba
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large, amoeboid trophozoite with spiny pseudopods and a double walled cyst
-invades broken skin, conjunctive, lungs and urogenital epithelia -granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitits (GAM) |
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Neonatal Meningitis
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almost always infection transmitted by mother
-in utero or during passage through birth canal most common causes: -streptococcus agalactiae -group B strep (escherichia coli) |
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St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
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most common of all American viral encephalitides
-epidemics in the US occur most often in Midwest and South |
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Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
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first in horses, then humans
carries by mosquito very dangerous to infants/small children |
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California Encephalitis
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may be cause by two viral strains:
-california strains -LaCrosse strain primary target group: children in rural areas |
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Arborviruses
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borne by insects
-feed on blood of hosts common outcome: -acute fever -often have rash |
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Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
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eastern cost of north america canada
appears in horses and caged birds high case fatality rate |
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acute encephalitis
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can be acute or subacute
acute: -almost always caused by viral infection always serious symptoms: -behavior changes -confusion -decreased consciousness -seizures |
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Herpes Simples Virus
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Can cause encephalitis in newborns born to HSV + mothers
-poor prognosis |
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West Nile Encephalitis
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increasing in numbers in US
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Subacute Encephalitis
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symptoms take longer to show up and are less striking than acute
common cause: TOXOPLASMA |
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JC Virus
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infection is common
with immune dysfunction: -cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopahty (PML) (uncommon but generally fatal) |
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Measles Virus: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
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occurs years after initial measles episode
seems to be caused by direct viral invasion of neural tissue |
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Toxoplasma gondii
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flagellated parasite
most go unnoticed fetus/immunodeficient: -sever/fatal asymptomatic or marked by mild symptoms -sore throat -lymph node enlarge -low grade fever |
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Botulism
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intoxication associated with eating poorly preserved foods
can occur as true infection three forms: -foot borne -infant -wound symptoms: -double vision -difficulty swallowing -dizziness -descending muscular paralysis -respiratory compromise clostridium botulinum -spore forming anaerobe -releases exotoxin |
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Food Borne Botulism
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ingestion of preformed toxin
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Infant Botulism
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entrance of botulinum toxin into the bloodstream
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Wound Botulism
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entrance of botulism toxin into bloodstream
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Poliomyelitis
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acute enteroviral infection of spinal cord
neuromuscular paralysis often small children most infections are short term, mild viremia non specific symptoms: -fever -headache -nausea -sore throat -myalgia spreads to specific pathways in spine and brain it's NEUROTROPIC: virus infiltrates the motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord nonparalytic: invasion but no destruction of nervous tissue paralytic: various degrees of flaccid paralysis rare cases: bulbar poliomyelitis |
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Tetanus
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caused by clostridium tetani
parenteral, direct contact "lockjaw" gram positive, spore forming rod releases powerful neurotoxin, tetanospasmin -binds to target sites on peripheral motor neurons, cns, sympathetic nervous system -toxin blocks inhibition of muscle contraction =spastic paralysis first symptoms: -clenching of jaw -extreme arching of back -flexion of arms -extension of legs "risus sardonicus" |
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Rabies
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slow, progressive, zoonotic disease
fatal encephalitis 1-2 months incubation prodromal phase -fever -nausea -vomiting -headache -fatigue -non specific symptoms Furious rabies: -periods of agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching -spasms in neck, pharyngeal muscles lead to hydrophobia dumb rabies: -patient isn't hyperactive -paralyzed -disoriented, stuporous both forms progress to coma phase = death |
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Prions
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transmissible spongiform encelphalophaties (TSE's)
neurodegenerative diseass with long incubation periods but rapid progession once they begin Human TSE's: -Creutzfelt-Jakob Disease (CJD) -Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker disease -fatal familial insomnia |
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African Sleeping Sickness
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trypanosoma brucei
aka trypanosomiasis affects lymphatics and areas around blood vessels long asymptomatic period before onset of symptoms symptoms: -intermittent fever -enlarged spleen -swollen lymph nodes -joint pain CNS affective with personality and behavioral changes that progress to lassitude and sleep disturbances |
