Microbiology Lecture 1

Front 1

a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen

Back 1

microbe

Front 2

what is the microbial cell size range?

Back 2

millimeters to 0.2 micrometers

Front 3

what are the 3 contradictions to the definition of a microbe?

Back 3

1. supersize microbial cells eg thiomargaritia namibienis..."marine sulfer bacterium"

2. microbial communities: eg biofilms..."assemblages"

3. viruses: non cellular particles

Front 4

what is the virus which evolved from a cell and infects amoeba?

Back 4

mimivirus

Front 5

what are the 3 domains of life?

Back 5

bacteria, archea (both prok), and eukarya (eukaryotes)

Front 6

what are the 3 main components of eukarya?

Back 6

algae and plants, fungi and animals, protists

Front 7

what does a virus consist of?

Back 7

a noncellular particle containing genetic material that takes over the metabolism of a cell to generate more virus particles

Front 8

collection of genome sequences taken directly from the environment is called ?

Back 8

metagenome

Front 9

In 1995, scientists completed the first genome sequence of a cellular microbe, the bacterium ___________, the bacterium microbe which causes meningitis and ear infections in children.

Back 9

Haemophilus influenzae...2 mill BP, 1700 genes

Front 10

wiped out a third of Europe's popuulation in the 14th century

Back 10

bubonic plague

Front 11

what caused the bubonic plague?

Back 11

Yersinia pestis, a bacterium spread by rat fleas

Front 12

this may have caused harmful algae blooms

Back 12

Pfiesteria pisaicida

Front 13

has been associated with exposure to estuaries inhabited by toxin-forming dinoflagellates, including members of the fish-killing toxic Pfiesteria complex

Back 13

estuary associated syndrome

Front 14

cyanobacteria which are likely the most abundant photosynthetic organisms on Earth

Back 14

Prochlorococcus

Front 15

red tides occur when there is a large concentration of ?

Back 15

dinoflagellates

Front 16

a common, neritic, bloom-forming dinoflagellate, is the cause of harmful blooms in many estuarine and coastal environments

Back 16

algae procorocentrum

Front 17

bread mold

Back 17

Rhizopus

Front 18

cellular slime mold

Back 18

Dictyostelium discoideum

Front 19

first method of DNA sequencing fast enough to sequence large genomes was developed by ?

Back 19

Fred Sanger

Front 20

Sanger shared the 1980 Nobel Prize with whom?

Back 20

Walter Gilbert and Paul Bers

Front 21

first genome sequenced was that of a virus, called ?

Back 21

bacteriophage (phi)X174 = DNA, 1977, 5000 BP

Front 22

1st RNA bacteriophage was what?

Back 22

MS2, 1976, 3600 BP

Front 23

In the 19th century, TB was caused by what?

Back 23

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.....TB time test

Front 24

how many die today from AIDS?

Back 24

2 mill/year...36 mill have HIV

Front 25

significance of disease in warfare was first recognized by the who?

founder of professional nursing

Back 25

British Nurse Florence Nightingale

Front 26

this person founded the science of medical statistics. To show the deaths of soldiers due to various causes, she devised the "polar area chart"

Back 26

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

Front 27

this led to improvements in army living conditions and standards in army hospitals

Back 27

polar area chart

Front 28

built first compound microscope, used it to observe mold filaments

published in Micrographia, the first manuscript that illustrated objects under the microscope

Back 28

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

coined the term "cell"

Front 29

built single lens magnifiers, complete with sample holder and focus adjustment

1st to observe single celled microbes, which he called "small living animals"

worked as a cloth draper

Back 29

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Front 30

this man noted isolated cases of microbes associated with pathology (eg fungal disease in silkworms)

Back 30

Agostino Bassi de Lodi (1773-1856)

Front 31

these are hard to determine between microbes and single celled components of the human body

Back 31

sperm, blood cells

Front 32

at what time could human tissue be distinguished from microbial cells via differential chemical stains?

Back 32

19th century

Front 33

theory that living creatures could arise without parents

chemists supported, church leaders did not

Back 33

spontaneous generation

Front 34

showed that maggots in decaying meat were the offspring of flies

Back 34

Francesco Redi (1660s)

Front 35

showed that a sealed flask of meat broth sterilized by boiling failed to grow microbes; also observed microbes appear in pairs

Back 35

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1760s)

Front 36

discovered the microbial basis of fermentation, which is caused by ___________?

Back 36

1. Louis Pasteur (1860s)- also discovered chirality

2. yeast

Front 37

when the yeast culture is contaminated with bacteria, the bacteria outgrow the yeast and produce ? instead of ETOH

Back 37

acetic acid (vinegar)

Front 38

devised "swan neck flask" to test theory of spont. gen.: what did this show?

Back 38

1. Pasteur

2. after boiling, the contents remain free of microbial growth despite access to air

Front 39

what did opponents of Pasteur's swan neck flask test say?

Back 39

experiment still didn't prove anything b/c no oxygen, people believed microbes needed oxygen to grow. at that time, they believed sugars converted directly to alcohols and acids by a chemical process

Front 40

once neck of flask broken or flask tilted, what happened?

Back 40

the broth became contaminated...life comes from life

Front 41

attempted Pasteur's experiement, sometimes with the opposite result

2. why?

Back 41

1. John Tyndall

2. organic matter contaminated with endospores-->heat resistant...survive boiling

Front 42

what is an autoclave?

Back 42

apparatus that can boil liquids under pressure-->achieve higher temperatures than under atmospheric pressure

Front 43

in 1928, discovered transformation in bacteria

Back 43

Frederick Griffith

he injected foreign DNA from environment into bacterial cells, studying streptoccus pneumonia

Front 44

In 1944, he showed that the genetic material is DNA

Back 44

Oswald Avery (1877-1955)

Front 45

In 1953, used XR crystallography to determine that DNA is double helix

Back 45

Rosalind Franklin-characterizing TMV=viral RNA

Front 46

who eventually won the Nobel Prize in 1962 instead of Franklin?

Back 46

Watson and Crick, as well as Maurice Wilkins, who showed Franklin's data to Watson

Front 47

why was the promise of DNA first fulfilled in bacteria and bacteriophages?

Back 47

small genomes, fast regeneration times

Front 48

what ethical controversy was there regarding the use of recombinant DNA?

Back 48

questions about cloning, hybrid organisms, GMOs

now: stem cell research

Front 49

applications for microbiology?

Back 49

medical microbiology, epidemiology, immunology, food microbiology, forensic microbiology, etc