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20 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Microbiology is defined as
The biology of small living things
Microorganisms are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes means...
Eukaryotes means..
Prokaryotic means “before nucleus”.
Eukaryotic means “true nucleus”.
Microbes found in almost every environment imaginable
–Aquatic, terrestial, plant and animals

Each niche has a distinct microbial diversity. Why?
1) Enviromental conditions (pH, temp, salinity, ect.)
2) nutrients (different bacteria use different resources)
3) Barriers to grow (each has their own ability to withstand competition and attack)
The order of taxon for biological classification
1) domain
2) kingdom
3) phylum
4) class
5) order
6) family
7) genius
8) Species
How do species named?
Binomial nomenclature. designated by two names, first being the genius which is capitalized, second the species which is underlined or italicized.
What are Phylogenetic classification system based off of? How are they constructed? And how are they measured?
Phylogenetic classification systems are a classification system based on evolutionary relationships.

Macromolecular sequences of certain genes and
proteins are used to reconstruct the phylogenetic
relationships between organisms.

The extent of difference between homologous
DNA, RNA, or protein sequences in different
organisms is used as a measure of how much
these organisms have diverged from one another
evolutionarily (evolutionary change)
What are the four properties of small subunit(SSU) rRNA?
1) where is it present?
2) Does the function change?
3) Why is its length important?
4) Is it conserved?
5) How is it transmitted to its daughters cell.
1. It is present in all cells (Universal distribution)
-16S rRNA in prokaryotes and 18S rRNA in eukaryotes
2. It has exactly the same function in all cells (Functional
homology)
3. Sufficient length to make phylogenetic analysis meaningful
4. Sufficiently conserved (change slowly).It contains both rapidly & slowly evolving regions - the fast regions are useful for determining closely-related species, whereas the slow regions are useful for determining distant relationships
5. Vertically transmitted to daughter cells
What is the The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP)? what does it provide us?
– A large collection of rRNA sequences
– Provides a variety of analytical programs
How do you build a Phylogenetic tree? Three steps.
1) Amplification of the gene encoding
SSU rRNA
2) Sequencing of the amplified gene
3) Analysis of sequence in reference to
other sequences
– An algorithm makes pair-wise
comparisons and generates a tree
that depicts the differences in
ribosomal RNA sequence between
the organisms analyzed.
In preparation of building a phylogenetic tree, after determining the sequence of SSU rRNA. Who is it compared to other sequences
Align the sequences, count the # of mismatched base pairs. Find the evolutionary difference by dividing this by the total base pairs in sequence (Ed).
Use distance or parsimony computer
algorithm to generate a phylogenetic tree
showing best fit of corrected Ed
What are phylogenetic trees? What does each node represent? What does the length of the branch represent? Whats the difference between internal and external nodes?
Phylogenetic trees reflect the
evolutionary relationships.
Phylogenetic trees have branches
and nodes. Each node represents a species. External nodes represent living species, internal nodes represent ancestors. Scale is typically evolutionary
divergence. Branch length represents the distance between the species
16s rRNA vs 18s rRNA.
Where do you find 16s? Where do you find 18s? What do they encode for?
The 16S rRNA gene in bacteria and archaea is basically the same as the 18S rRNA gene in eukaryotes. Both genes code for the ribosomal RNA that is part of the small ribosome subunit.
What is Cyanobacteria? What does it do? What is it responsible for?
Cyanobacteria is the first oxygen evolving
phototrophic organisms on the Earth. If performs Oxygenic photosynthesis.
Responsible for conversion of the atmosphere of the Earth from anoxic to oxic
– Formation of ozone
– Evolution of greater diversity of living organisms
What are Proteobacteria?
Largest bacteria in terms of number of species and abundance, predominant in many habitats. Extreme morphological and metabolic diversity. Contains bacteria of medical, industrial and agricultural
significance Contains many well known gram-negatives
In the Evolution of Eukaryotes, what is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?
The hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts
arose when a bacteria established an endosymbiotic
relationship with ancestral cells and then evolved
into organelles.
What is the evidence supporting the endosymbiotic hypothesis with mitochondria?
Mitochondria are bacterial. We know this because
1.DNA is circular and not bounded by a membrane.
2.70S ribosomes
3.Analysis of 16s rRNA shows it to be
descended from the Proteobacteria.
What is the evidence supporting the endosymbiotic hypothesis with
Mitochondria are bacterial. We know this because
1.DNA is circular and not bounded by a membrane.
2.70S ribosomes
3.Analysis of 16s rRNA shows it to be
descended from the cyanobacteria.
Question: In the tree of life, mitochondria
cluster closest to ______, suggesting that a
relative of this group was involved in the
development of the mitochondrion in
eukaryotic cells.
a. Aquifex
b. Chlorobium
c. Chloroflexus
d. Proteobacteria
d. Proteobacteria
What i a virus?
1) Is it a cell?
2) Can they metabolize?
3) What do they rely on for replication?
4) What cell types can they infect?
Virusis a genetic element containing, either RNA or DNA, infectious agents that require host cell for reproduction
1. Not considered cells
2. No metabolic abilities of their own
3. Rely completely on biosynthetic machinery of infected cell. They infect a cellular host & use the host
ribosomes & cellular machinery for replication.
4. Infect all types of cells (Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya)
Why can viruses be placed on the evolutionary tree of life?
Viruses cannot be included in evolutionary tree based on SSU rRNA as they do not have rRNA.