Microbiology Lab Test 1

Front 1

Streptococcus pyogenes

Back 1

-- gram-positive

-- beta-hemolytic

-- catalase negative

Front 2

Streptococcus pyogenes: Reservoir

Back 2

-- human throat

-- skin

Front 3

Streptococcus pyogenes: transmission

Back 3

-- direct contact

-- respiratory droplet

Front 4

Streptococcus pyogenes: toxins

Back 4

-- streptolysin O: hemolysin, immunogenic

-- exotoxins: cause fever, rash

-- super antigen: mobilizes T cells

Front 5

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases

Back 5

-- pharyngitis--> sore throat

-- scarlet fever--> sore throat fever, "sandpaper rash", strawberry tongue

-- pyoderma--> skin infection: honey-crusted leisions

Front 6

Streptococcus pyogenes: sequelae/complications

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-- rheumatic fever--> antibodies and damage to the heart tissue, damage to the joints/inflammation

-- acute glomerulonephritis--> immune complexes (antigen-antibody) in glomeruli, fluid in the lungs, "smoky" urine due to protein loss

Front 7

Streptococcus agalactiae: reservoir

Back 7

-- birth canal

-- GI tract

Front 8

Streptococcus agalactiae: transmission

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-- newborn infected during birth

Front 9

Streptococcus agalactiae: diseases

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-- nenonatal meningitis

-- septicemia (massive blood infection)

Front 10

Streptococcus agalactiae: prevention

Back 10

-- antibiotic before delivery

Front 11

Streptococcus pneumoniae: reservoir

Back 11

-- respiratory tract

Front 12

Streptococcus pneumoniae: transmission

Back 12

-- respiratory droplets

Front 13

Streptococcus pneumoniae: predisposing factors

Back 13

-- influenza

-- COPD, CHF

-- alcoholism

Front 14

Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule

Back 14

prevents detection by immune system

Front 15

Streptococcus pneumoniae: toxin

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-- pneumolysin--> damages epithelium

Front 16

Streptococcus pneumoniae: diseases

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-- pneumonia--> chills, fever, lobar consolidation, rusty sputum (liquid coughed-up)

-- meningitis

-- otitis media--> inflammation of the middle ear

Front 17

Streptococcus pneumoniae: vaccine

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--avaliable

-- pediatric: 7 serotypes

-- adult: 23 common serotypes

Front 18

Bacillus

Back 18

-- gram-positive

-- spore forming

-- rod shaped

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Bacillus anthracis: reservoir

Back 19

-- in soil

-- on animal skins

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Bacillus anthracis: transmission

Back 20

-- contact w/ soil, animals

-- inhalation of spores

Front 21

Bacillus anthracis: toxins

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-- lethal factor--> kills cell

-- edema factor--> swelling

Front 22

Bacillus anthracis: capsule?

Back 22

yes

Front 23

Bacillus anthracis: diseases

Back 23

-- cutaneous anthrax--> skin necorsis

-- GI anthrax--> vomiting, diarrhea

-- pulmonary anthrax--> pneumonia: cough, fever, dyspnea, shock, death

Front 24

Bacillus cereus: reservoir

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-- found in nature

-- food borne (affinity w/ fried rice), in food kept warm

Front 25

Bacillus cereus: toxins

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-- diarrheal toxin--> watery diarrhea

-- emetic toxin--> vomiting

Front 26

Bacillus cereus: disease

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-- gastroenteritis

Front 27

Clostridium

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-- gram-positive

-- spore forming rods

-- anaerobic

Front 28

Clostridium tetani: reservoir

Back 28

-- found in soil

Front 29

Clostridium tetani: acquired?

Back 29

-- trauma

-- animal bites

Front 30

Clostridium tetani: toxin

Back 30

-- tetanospasmin: travels to CNS, blocks release of GABA and glycine (inhibitory neurotransmitters), causes muscle spasms

Front 31

Clostridium tetani: diseases/condition

Back 31

-- tetanus: spasms, respiratory arrests

Front 32

Clostridium tetani: Rx

Back 32

-- spasmolytic drugs

-- antibiotics

-- prevention: wound care

-- vaccine: every 10 years

-- boost: every 5 years

Front 33

Clostridium botulinum: reservoir

Back 33

-- found in soil, house dust, raw honey

Front 34

Clostridium botulinum: acquired?

Back 34

-- food borne--> improperly canned foods

-- trauma

Front 35

Clostridium botulinum: toxin

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-- botulinum toxin: absorbed from GI tract, blocks release of acetylcholine (neurotransmitter that is used by PNS, CNS)

Front 36

Clostridium botulinum: diseases

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-- infants: spores are ingested, toxins produced, causes paralysis

-- adults: poorly canned veggies, smoked fish, causes blurred vision, paralysis, nausea, vomiting

Front 37

Clostridium perfringes: reservoir

Back 37

-- soil

-- human colon

Front 38

Clostridium perfringes: transmission

Back 38

-- foodborne

-- trauma

Front 39

Clostridium perfringes: toxins

Back 39

-- alpha toxin: damages membranes, tissue necrosis

-- eneterotoxin: diarrhea, cramps

-- + 10 other toxins

-- hemolytics

Front 40

Clostridium perfringes: disease

Back 40

-- food poisoining: not properly heated meat dishes

-- gas gangrene: due to contamination of wound w/ soil

-- toxins cause pain, edema, gas

-- rapid mortality

Front 41

Neisseria

Back 41

-- gram-negative

-- diplococci w/ flattened sides

-- oxidase positiv

Front 42

Neisseria meningitides (Meningococcus)

Back 42

-- large capsule

-- grows on chocolate agar with 5% CO2

-- ferments maltose

Front 43

Neisseria meningitides: reservoir

Back 43

-- human nasopharyngeal area (nose/throat)

Front 44

Neisseria meningitides: transmission

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-- respiratory droplets

-- spread to the meninges via the blood stream

Front 45

Neisseria meningitides: virulence factors

Back 45

-- polysaccharide capsule

-- endotoxin

Front 46

Neisseria meningitides: disease

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-- meningitis: abrupt onset w/ fever and chills, malaise, prostration

-- servere cases--> shock, coma, death, Waterhouse-Fredrickson syndrome: necrosis of adrenal glands

Front 47

Neisseria meningitides: prevention

Back 47

-- vaccine: capsular polysaccharide of strains Y, W, C, A

Front 48

Neisseria gonorrhea (Gonococcus)

Back 48

-- no capsule

-- does not ferment maltose

Front 49

Neisseria gonorrhea: reservoir

Back 49

-- human genital tract (not normal microflora)

Front 50

Neisseria gonorrhea: transmission

Back 50

-- sexual contact

-- birth

Front 51

Neisseria gonorrhea: pathogenesis

Back 51

-- pili attachment to mucosal surfaces

-- outer-membrane (releases toxin)

Front 52

Neisseria gonorrhea: disease

Back 52

-- gonorrhea

-- male: urethritis, proctitis

-- female: cervicitis, proctitis, PID, arthritis, could be asymptomatic

-- newborn: ophthalmia (blindness)

Front 53

Neisseria gonorrhea: prevention

Back 53

-- silver nitrate

-- erythromycin ointment in the eyes

Front 54

Chlamydia

Back 54

-- intracellular organism (does not make its own ATP)

-- found in cells in two forms: 1. infective form- inactive elementary body 2. metabollically active forms-replicating reticular bodies

Front 55

Chlamydia: reservoir

Back 55

-- can be found in human genital tract

-- can infect eyes (different strain)

Front 56

Chlamydia: transmission

Back 56

-- sexuall contact

-- birth

-- trachoma: hands to eyes

Front 57

Chlamydia: mechanism

Back 57

-- infects epithelial cells of mucosal surfaces, causes granulomatous inflammation mediated by DHT cells

Front 58

Chlamydia: diseases

Back 58

-- non-gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis (STD), serotypes D-K, PID

-- conjunctivitis

-- pneumonia in neonates

-- lympogranuloma venereum: lymph nodes, lymphedema, lesions, L serotypes

-- trachoma (blindness): serotypes A-C, conjunctiva scarring

Front 59

Treponema pallidum

Back 59

-- spriochete

-- gram-negative

-- outer membrane (lipids A)

-- cannot be cultured in lab--> too many nutritional needs

Front 60

Treponema pallidium: reservoir

Back 60

-- human genital tract

Front 61

Treponema pallidium: transmitted

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-- sexually

-- via placenta

Front 62

Treponema pallidium: pathogenesis

Back 62

-- endarteritis (infection of the lining of the blood vessels)

-- reults in leisions

Front 63

Treponema pallidium: disease

Back 63

-- syphilis

-- incubation is from 10 to 90 days

-- congenital syphillus: commonly in babies of IV drug abusing wommen, still birth, fetal abnormalities, notched teeth, snuffle (spinal fluid leak)

Front 64

Treponema pallidium: primary

Back 64

-- non-tender chancer (leisions)

-- contagious

-- heals spontaneously in 3-6 weeks

Front 65

Treponema pallidium: secondary

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-- 1-3 months later it spreads via blood stream

-- rash on skin, palms, and soles

-- patchy hair loss

Front 66

Treponema pallidium: tertiary

Back 66

-- years later in 1/3 of untreated patients

-- gummas, aortitis, CNS inflammation (dementia)

Front 67

Treponema pallidium: diagnosis

Back 67

-- visualization: immunofluorescence, dark field microscopy

-- serology

Front 68

Mycobacterium

Back 68

-- acid fast rods w/ waxy cell wall

-- obligate aerobe

-- slow growth on Lowensein-Jensen agar

-- Auramine-rhodamine staining bacilli

-- catalase positive

Front 69

Mycobacterium: cell wall

Back 69

-- unique cell wall--> peptides, free lipids (waxes, "cord factor"), mycolic acid, peptidoglycan

-- resistant to drying

-- resistant to chemicals

Front 70

Mycobacterium: reservoir

Back 70

-- human lungs

Front 71

Mycobacterium: transmission

Back 71

-- respiratory droplets

Front 72

Mycobacterium: predisposing factors

Back 72

-- poverty

-- immunosuppression (cancer, autoimmune diseases, HIV)

Front 73

Mycobacterium: diseases

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-- tuberculosis (TB)

-- affects pulmonary system, urinary system

Front 74

Tuberculosis symptoms

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-- nonproductive cough

-- low grade fever

-- night sweats

-- anorexia

-- most people heal

Front 75

Tuberculosis diagnosis

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-- acid fast staining

-- culturing of the sputum

-- PPD skin test

Front 76

PPD skin test

Back 76

-- measure zone of "induration" in 72 hour

-- positive test is induration that is more than 15 mm

-- positive test indicates exposure only

Front 77

Haemophilus influenzae

Back 77

-- gram-negative rod

-- capsule

Front 78

Haemophilus influenzae: reservoir

Back 78

nasopharynx

Front 79

Haemophilus influenzae: transmission

Back 79

-- respiratory droplets

-- shared toys

Front 80

Haemophilus influenza: diseases

Back 80

-- otitis media

-- bronchitis, pneumonia

-- meningitis

* vaccine is avaliable

Front 81

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 81

-- gram-positive bacilli

-- aerboic

-- found in water

-- grapelike odor when grown

-- not a lactose fermenter

Front 82

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: transmission

Back 82

-- water aerosol

-- raw vegetables

-- fruits

Front 83

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: toxins

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-- endotoxins--> causes inflammation, G-shock, septicemia

Front 84

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: diseases

Back 84

-- eye ulcers

-- pneumonia

-- hot tub folliculitis

-- severe in diabetics and patients w/ severe burns

Front 85

Campylobacter

Back 85

-- gram-negative curved rod

-- polar flagella

-- microaerophillic

-- motile

Front 86

Campylobacter: transmission

Back 86

-- fecal oral

-- polutry

-- dogs and cats

Front 87

Campylobacter: pathogenicity

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-- invades mucosa of the colon

-- fever

-- diarrhea w/ many stools a day

-- self limiting 3-5 days

Front 88

Campylobacter: complications

Back 88

-- arthritis

-- guillain-Barre syndrome (nervous damage)

Front 89

Shigella

Back 89

-- gram-negative rod

-- non-motile

-- facultative anerobe

-- not a lactose fermenter

Front 90

Shigella: reservoir

Back 90

-- colon

Front 91

Shigella: transmission

Back 91

-- fingers

-- flies

-- food

-- feces

Front 92

Escherichia coli

Back 92

-- gram-negative rod

-- ferments lactose

-- facultative anerobe

-- colonies w/ iridescent green sheen

Front 93

Escherichia coli: reservoirs

Back 93

-- human colon

-- crops where fecal fertilizer is used

-- unpasteurized apple juice

Front 94

Staphylococcus

Back 94

3 species:

-- aureus

-- epidermidis

-- saprophyticus

Front 95

Staphylococcus aureus

Back 95

-- gram-positive cocci

-- grapelike clusters

-- grow in yellow colonies on blood agar

Front 96

Staphylococcus aureus: reservoir

Back 96

-- nose

-- skin

-- normal microflora

Front 97

Staphylococcus aureus: transmission

Back 97

-- shaking hands

-- sneezing

-- surgical wounds

-- via foods: egg containing dishes such as potato salad, custards

Front 98

Staphylococcus aureus: predisposing factors

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-- IV drug abuse

-- foreign body (sutures, artificial heart valve)

-- spider bite

Front 99

Staphylococcus aureus: toxins

Back 99

-- enterotoxin (GI)

-- toxic shock syndrome toxin

-- cytolytic toxin alpha (kills cells)

-- skin exfoliating toxin (detaches epidermis from derma)

Front 100

Staphylococcus aureus: enzymes

Back 100

-- coagulase--> converts fibrinogen into fibrin (blood clot)

-- catalase--> degrades hydrogen peroxide

-- toxins destroy RBC

-- hemolysis

-- complete destruction RBC called beta-hemolysis--> clear areas on the blood agar

Front 101

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases/conditions

Back 101

-- gastroenteritis (food poisoning) 2-6 hours after eating

-- abscesses and mastitis, subcutaneous, swelling pain

-- impetigo, skin lesions

-- post-surgical infections

-- osteomyelitis: lytic lesions on imaging, pain in bones

-- pneumonia: rapid w/ necrosis, high mortality

-- scaled skin syndrome: diffuse epidermal peeling

-- acute infective endocarditis: fever, malaise, heart murmur

Front 102

Escherichia coli: diseases

Back 102

-- UTI fecal flora to urethra, pili help adhere to the mucosa

-- sepitcemia: indwelling IV lines

-- gastroenteritis: diarrheas, poor sanitation, undercooked hamburger meat

-- neonatal meningitis: maternal fecal flora during birth, endotoxin causes shock, inflammation

Front 103

ETEC Escherichia coli

Back 103

enterotoxigenic

-- no inflammation

-- toxin

-- diseases: traverler's diarrhea

Front 104

EPEC Escherichia coli

Back 104

enteropathogenic

-- no toxin

-- prolonged water diarrhea

-- transient lactose intolerance (flattens villi)

Front 105

EIEC Escherichia coli

Back 105

-- enteroinvasive

-- invades intestinal mucosa

-- diarrhea w/ fever and abdominal pain

Front 106

EHEC Escherichia coli

Back 106

enterohemorragic

-- verotoxin producing

-- O157: H7 is MC serotype

-- Mild diarrhea w/ bleeding and hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Front 107

Helicobacter pylori

Back 107

-- gram-negative

-- spiral gastric bacilli w/ flagella

Front 108

Helicobacter pylori: transmission

Back 108

-- fecal oral

-- saliva/kissing

Front 109

Helicobacter pylori: infection

Back 109

-- can be asymptomatic

-- invades mucosa

-- supresses bicarbonate around pyloric sphincter

-- casues gastritis and duodenal ulcers

-- Type I carcinogen

-- produces urease

Front 110

Helicobacter pylori: breath test

Back 110

radiolabeled urea is swallowed and ammonia/CO2 is produced

Front 111

Salmonella

Back 111

-- gram-negative rod

-- not a lactose fermenter

-- motile

Front 112

Salmonella typhi

Back 112

-- highly motile w/ capsule

-- facultative anaerobe

-- only found in humans, no animal reservoirs

Front 113

Salmonella typhi: transmission

Back 113

-- fecal oral

Front 114

Typhoid fever

Back 114

-- headache

-- abdominal pain

-- constipation

Front 115

Salmonella typhi: infection

Back 115

-- begins in __?___ region, reaches gut, lymph nodes, and blood

-- 25% have rose spots, liver and spleen become infected

-- replicates in macrophages

Front 116

Nontyphoidal salmonella

Back 116

-- no capsule

Front 117

Nontyphoidal salmonella: reservoir

Back 117

-- enteric tract of human and domestic animals, chickens and turtles

Front 118

Nontyphoidal salmonella: pathogenesis

Back 118

-- invades mucosa of small intestine

-- causes loose diarrhea

-- 6-48 hours after incubation: nausea, vomiting, bloody stool, fever, abdominal pain

Front 119

Methods of sterilization

Back 119

1. Ethylene oxide gas: covalently binds to proteins

2. UV light: effective but has no penetrating power

3. bacteriological filter: useful for small amounts of liquids

Front 120

microbiological media

Back 120

-- anything bacteria can use for food

Front 121

3 forms of media

Back 121

1. liquid-->broth

2. solid-->agar

3. sugar for algae

Front 122

Culture maintenance

Back 122

1. refrigeration2. mineral oil3. lyophilization