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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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MSA- poor growth or no growth
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organism is inhibited by NaCl
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MSA-good growth
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organism is not inhibited by NaCl
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MSA-yellow growth or halo
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organism produces acid from mannitol fermentation
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MSA-red growth no halo
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organism does not ferment mannitol no reaction
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EMB-poor growth or no growth
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organism is inhibited by eosin and methylene blue-gram positive
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EMB-good growth
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organism is not inhibited by eosin and methylene blue-gram negative
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EMB-growth is pink and mucoid
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organism ferments lactose with little acid production-possible coliform
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EMB-growth is "dark" (purple or black, with or without green metallic sheen)
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organism ferments lactose and/or sucrose with acid production
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EMB-growth is colorless (no pink, purple, or metallic sheen)
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organism does not ferment lactose or sucrose-no reaction
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undefined medium designed to isolate salmonella and shigella species from other enterics based on the ability to ferment lactose, sucrose, or salicin and to reduce sulfur to hydrogen sulfide gas H2S
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hektoen Enteric Agar
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contains the carbohydrate mannitol, 7.5% NaCl and the pH indicator phenol red
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Mannitol Salt Agar
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contains peptone, lactose, sucrose and the dyes eosin Y and methylene blue
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Eosin Methylene Blue Agar
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HE-poor growth or no growth
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organism is inhibited by bile and/or one of the dyes included-gram +
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HE-good growth
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organism is not inhibited by bile or any of the dyes included- gram -
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HE-pink to orange growth
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organism produces acid from lactose fermentation
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HE-blue green growth with black precipitate
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organism does not ferment lactose but reduces sulfur to hydrogen sulfide
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What drugs are used to tx junctional dysrhytmia?
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Atropine (if symptomatic)
beta blockers Ca channel blockers amiodarone for rate control (Atropine increases firing of SA node and conduction through the AV node) digoxin is held DC cardioversion is contraindicated |
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stains pink-gram stains
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gram -
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stains purple-gram stains
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gram +
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stains are solutions consisting of a solvent (water or ethanol) and a colored molecule_____
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chromogen
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the portion of the chromogen that gives it its color is the
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chromophore
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the charged portion of the chromogen and allows it to act as a dye through ionic or covalent bonds between the chromogen and the cell
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auxochrome
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where the auxochrome becomes positively charged as a result of picking up a hydrogen ion or losing a hydroxide ion- are attracted to the negative charges on the bacterial cell
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basic stains
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uses a dye solution in which the chromogen is acidic and carries a negative charge
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negative staining
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all nutrient requirements are known
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defined media
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nutrient media
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complex
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all nutrient requirements except solidifying agent
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broth
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all nutrient requirement plus solidifying agent
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solid
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a differential medium that consists of a basal recipe to which carbohydrate is added, allowing fermentation characteristics for a variety of carbohydrates
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purple broth
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is used to differentiate members of Enterobacteriaceae and to distinguish them from other gram - rods
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purple broth
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yellow broth; bubble in durham tube
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fermentation with acid and gas end products
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yellow broth; no bubble in durham tube
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fermentation with acid end products; no gas produced
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purple broth; no bubble in durham tube; turbid
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no fermentation; degradation of peptone with alkaline end products
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purple broth; no bubble in durham tube; not turbid
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no fermentation; slow or no degradation of peptone with alkaline end products
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base formualation contains peptone and the pH indicator bromersol purple which is yellow below pH 6.8 and purple above
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purple broth
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both cell walls stain with dye; dye crystals trapped in cell; crystals remain in cells; red dye has no effect (safranin)
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gram +/gram stain
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both cell walls stain with dye; no effect of iodine; outer membrane weakened-cell membrane loses dye; red dye (safranin) stains colorless cell
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gram -/gram stain
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has a high lipid count/thin peptidoglycan wall, has an outer membrane
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gram -
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cytoplasmic membrane, thick peptidoglycan, low lipid content
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gram +
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presence of mycolic acids in the cell walls of ___________ organisms is the cytological basis for the ________ differential stain
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acid fast stain
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cells prior to staining are transparent; after staining with carbolfuchsin cells become reddish purple; decolorization with acid alcohol removes stain from acid fast negative cells; brilliant green is used to counterstain acid fast negative cells
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acid fast stain
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most acid fast organisms are only weakly ___________
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gram +
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dormant form of the bacterium that allows it to survive poor environmental conditions
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endospore
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spores are resistant to heat and chemicals because of the tough outer covering made of the protein _____
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keratin
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cells and spores prior to staining are transparent; after staining with malachite green, cells and spores are green, heat is used to force the stain into spores if present; decolorization with water removes stain from cells but not spores; safranin is used to counterstain cells
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endospore stain
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staphylo
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irregular clusters of cells
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strepto
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chains of cells
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tetrads
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group of 4 cells
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is used for isolation of staphlococcus aureus; phenol red is yellow below pH 6.8 red at 7.4 and pink at pH 8.4 and above
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MSA
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the dyes inhibit the growth of gram + organisms and under acidic conditions also produce a purple complex usually accompanied by a metallic sheen
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eosin methylene blue agar
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differentiate and sometimes identify microorganisms based on specific biochemical characteristics
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differential tests
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performed using chromogenic reducing agent call tetramethyl phenylenediamine to detect bacteria that produce cytochrome c oxidase
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oxidase test
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dark blue within 20 seconds- oxidase test
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cytochrome c oxidase is present
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no color change to blue within 20 seconds-oxidase test
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cytochrome c oxidase is not present
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many gram - bacteria contain the enzyme nitrate reductase and perform a single step reduction from nitrate to nitrite
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nitrate reduction test
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gas (nonfermenter)
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denitrification-production of nitrogen gas
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red color (after addition of reagents)
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incomplete test requires the addition of zinc dust
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no color change with addition of zinc dust
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nitrate reduction to nongaseous compounds
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red color after addition of zinc dust
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no nitrate reduction
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Simmons citrate agar- blue even a small amount
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citrate is utilized
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simmons citrate agar- no color change but growth
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citrate is utilized
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no color change no growth- simmons citrate agar
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citrate is not utilized
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________ and _______ tests were designed to differentiate members of Enterobacteriaceae and to distinguish them from other gram negative rods
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decoaroxlation and deamination tests
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yellow-decarboxylate test
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fermentation; no decarboxylation
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purple-decaroxylate test
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decarboxylation; organism produces the specific decarboxylase enzyme
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green color-phenylalanine deaminase test
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phenylalanine deaminase is present
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no color change; phenylalanine deaminase test
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phenylalanine is not present
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is used for the determination of 3 bacterial activities: sulfur reduction, indole production from tryptophan and motility
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SIM test
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enzyme that catalyzes the putrefaction of the amino acid cysteine to pyruvate
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cysteine desulfurase
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enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of sulfur at the end of the anaerobic respiratory electron transport chain
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thiosulfate reducatase
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SIM-black in the medium
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sulfur reduction (h2s production)
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SIM- no black in the medium
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sulfur is not reduced
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SIM-red in the alcohol layer of Kovac's agent
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tryptophan is broken down into indole and pyruvate
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SIM-reagent color is unchanged
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tryptophan is not broken down into indole and pyruvate
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SIM-growth radiating outward from stab line
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motility
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SIM-no radiating growth
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nonmotile
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