Microbiology Innate Immunity

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Innate immunity

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Barriers-first line of defense, Recognition systems-not precise

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Adaptive immunity

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Recognition systems-not precise, antibodies and antigens

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what are the two first line of defence physical barriers

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skin and mucous membranes

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mucous membranes line what tracts

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digestive, respiratory, genitourinary

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skin is composed of what two layers

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dermis (inner fiberous connective tissue), epidermic (outer layers of epithelial cells

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true/false: Some mucous membranes have mechanisms to propel microorganisms and viruses to areas where they can be eliminated

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TRUE

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what are the antimicrobial substances found on the skin and mucous membranes

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Lysozyme, Peroxidase, Lactoferrin, Defensins

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Lysozyme

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Enzymes that degrade peptioglycan (cell wall), Found in tears, saliva, blood and phagocytes

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Peroxidase

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Breaks down hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen, Found in saliva, body tissues and phagocytes

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Lactoferrin

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Sequesters (binds) iron from microorganisms, Found in saliva, some phagocytes, blood and tissue fluids

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Defensins

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Antimicrobial peptides inserted into microbial membrane, Found on mucous membranes and in phagocytes

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how does normal microbiota protect through competitive exclusion

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Covers binding sites, Competes for nutrients, Produce toxic substances, Reduce pH

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hematopoiesis

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Blood cell formation (grow new blood cells) in bone marrow

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leukocytes

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white blood cells (wbc), important in host defense

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what are the four types of leukocytes

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Granulocytes, Dendritic cells, Mononuclear phagocytes, Lymphocytes

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Granulocytes

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Contain cytoplasmic graduals, release graduals into environment

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what are the three types of granulocytes

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Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils

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Neutrophils

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Most abundant/common and important in innate response, first responder

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Basophils

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Involved in allergic reaction

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Eosinophils

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Important in expelling parasitic worms

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Mononuclear phagocytes

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Constitute collection of phagocytic cells, consume particles

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Dendritic cells

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Like a macrophage, look for things that shouldn’t be present, scout in tissues

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Lymphocytes

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function to kill and produce antibodies, B and T cells

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Lymphocyte Natural Killer

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Can recognize self, Broad killing activity, Important w/ infections

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Cell surface receptors are the “____” and “____” of the cell

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eyes and ears

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Cytokines act as the what in cell communication

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the “voice”-tell other cells that something is wrong and help is needed

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Adhesion Molecules act as the what in cell communication

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the “hands”

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ligands

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bonding molecules

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what are the numerous cytokine classes

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Chemokines, Colony stimulating factors, Interferons, Interleukins, Tumor necrosis factor

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Chemokines

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Enhance ability of cells to migrate/move to appropriate site in body (chemotaxis)

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Colony stimulating factors

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Important in multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes

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Interferons

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important in control of viral infections

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Interleukins

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"produced by leukocytes, Important in innate and adaptive immunity

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Tumor necrosis factor

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kill tumor cells, instrumental in initiation of inflammation, Also known as cachectin/cachexia

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Adhesion molecules are responsible for what

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the recruitment of phagocytes to area of injury, Epithelia cells lining blood vessels produce adhesion molecules that catch phagocytes as they pass by

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what are the two sensor systems that detect signs of tissue damage or microbial invasion

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Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD

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Toll-like receptors (TLR)

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TLR allow cells to “see” molecules signifying presence of microbes OUTSIDE the cell

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NOD

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NOD allow cells to “see” molecules signifying presence of microbes INSIDE the cell

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Process of phagocytosis

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Chemotaxis (Cells recruited to infection), Recognition/attachment (Use receptors to bind invading microbes), Engulfment (Phagocyte engulfs invader-forming phagosome), Phagosome/lysosome fusion (Phagosome binds lysosome, forming phagolysosome), Destruction and digestion (Organism killed due to lack of oxygen and decreased pH), Exocytosis (Phagocyte expels material to external environment)

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what factors initiate inflammatory response

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microbial products, microbial cell surface, tissue damage

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what are the four signs of inflammation

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"Heat, Pain, Redness, Swelling

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The inflammatory process includes

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dilation of blood vessels, leakage of fluid from vessels and migration of leukocytes and phagocytes

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diapedesis

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Leakage of phagocytes from blood vessels

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what is the cardinal sign of inflammation

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increase blood flow

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what is the purpose of inflammation

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to limit damage and restore function, can cause damage itself by releasing toxic products and enzymes from phagocytic cells

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bacterial infection is the strongest indicator of what

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fever

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fever

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important to defence mechanism, inhibits growth of pathogen by increasing temp and reducing iron in blood

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pyrogens

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fever inducing substances

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complement system

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series of proteins in blood and tissue fluids that can be activated to facilitate the removal and destruction of invading microbes