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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Roles of antibodies |
Opsonization Activation of Complement System Virus and toxin neutralization Immunomodulation |
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Roles of Antibodies (cont) |
Generation of antioxidants Antibody- dependent cell cytotoxicity Reduce damage to host cells b/c inflammation Direct antimicrobial activity |
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Types of vaccines |
1. Live attentuated 2. inactivated 3. subunit 4. conjugate 5. toxoid 6. DNA 7. recombinant vector |
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Live attenuated vaccine |
Vaccines that contain live microbes whose virulence has been decreased so that the body can produce antibodies for the vaccine without severe infection.
Measels, Mumps, Chickenpox (Varciella), Smallpox, Influeza, Rotavirus, Herpes |
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Inactivated Vaccines |
Injection of dead microbes (killed by heat, chemicals, or radiation) to stimulate a slight immune response. Requires booster shots for continued/full immunity.
Hepatitus A, Polio, Rabies, polymyelitus |
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subunit vaccines |
Vaccines that contain only the antigens or specific epitopes that best stimulate the immune system without associated the virus or immunogen.
Hepatitus B, Haemophilus influenze type B, influenza, pertussis, pneumococcol, meninococcal, HPV |
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toxoid vaccines |
Vaccines that contain inactivated toxic compounds. Does not contain actual microbe that produces the toxin. Not all toxins come from a microbe. i.e. rattlesnake bites.
Diptheria, tetanus. (DTaP Vaccine) |
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Conjugate vaccines |
Attaching a bacteria with a polysaccharide coating to a carrier protein so that the body can recognize it. Recognizes polysacch. as a protein antigen. |
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DNA Vaccines |
Vaccines that contain the DNA of a microbe |
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Recombinant vector vaccine |
A Vaccine that contains the DNA of two microbes. Efficient in treating complex infectious diseases.
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What are hybridomas? |
Hybridomas are cells made from the fusion of a myeloid cell (cancerous B cell) and an antibody cell from the spleen.
*myeloma cell have rapid grothw |
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What is the clinical significance of hybridomas |
They can be cultured to produce large amounts of soluble anitgen-specific antibodies. |
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Soluable antigens and requirements for precipitation |
Antigens that remain in a solution even after immunogen is removed and do not precipitate.
**In order for precipitation/agglutination to occur the both the antibody and its specific immunogen must be polyvalent. Divalent antibody + divalent immungen = precip/agglut. Monovalent antigen + divalent immuno= nothing. |
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What is a titer? |
The reciprocal of the highest dilution or lowest concentration of antibody serum that yields a positive result. (agglutination)
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What occurs in a positive test for antibodies? |
Particles coated with antigens will agglutinate if antibodies are present. |
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What occurs in a positive antigen test? |
Particles coated in antibodies will agglutinate if specific antigen is present. |
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complement fixation |
If there are antibodies present against the added antigen they will form a complex and the complement protein be fixed to this reaction making it unable to react with the sheep cell. This is a positive test for antibodies.
If there is no antibody present against the antigen the complement will be free to react w/ the sheep RBC and its antibody cane cause lysis. |
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Positive direct fluorescent antibody test |
fluorescent dye-labeled antibodies bind with microbe from human's body
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positive indirect fluorescent test |
antibody from human serum binds with antigen from outside source. Fluorescent dye-labeled antihuman serum globulin which will bind to the human antibodies. |
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positive direct ELISA |
Antibody is absorbed into well and antigens from human serum are added and complex forms. enzyme-linked antibody that is specific for the antigen is added and binds to the antigen forming a "sandwich." enzyme substrate is added and color change occurs due to the reactions.
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positive indirect ELISA test |
Antigen is absorbed into well and antibodies from human serum is added and forms a complex. Enzyme linked anti-HISG is added and binds to other side of antigen. substrate is added. color change occurs. |
