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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Protonsil dye turned out to be a pro-drug for what kind of drug?
sulfonamide
What is a major target for antifungals?
ergosterol
Which drugs are polyenes, and what do they do?
Amphoterocin B ; nystatin
They disrupt the fungal membrane by targeting ergosterol
Which drugs are azoles, and what do they do?
fluconazole, miconazole, metronidazole;
they inhibit ergosterol synthesis
What drug is an allyamine, and what does it treat?
Lamisil ;
dermatophyte infection
Which bacterial strain is the leading cause of pneumonia in adults?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What are quats?
quaternary ammonium compounds: they are surfactants that react with and destroy cell membranes
What is the active ingredient in Lysol, and what is its mode of action?
carbolic acid (a phenolic);
it destroys the cell membrane and denatures proteins
Which type of hypersensitivity involves:?
IgE
mast cell activation
asthma
anaphylaxis
Type I
Which hypersensitivity involves:?
IgG
hemolytic diseases
ADCC
Type II
Which hypersensitivity involves:?
IgG
complement phagocytosis
immune complex
serum sickness
glomerulonephritis
Type III
What rare adverse effect can chloramphenical cause?
aplastic anemia
Which hypersensitivity involves:?
delayed hypersensitivity
transplant immunity
PPD
contact dermatitis
TH1, TH2
Type IV
What is the mechanism of vancomycin?
It inhibits the formation of glycan chains of the PTG wall
What is the mechanism of bacitracin?
It interferes with the transport of PTG precursors
Name some aminoglycosides, and give the mechanism:
streptomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin;
they bind to the 30s subunit of ribosomes and block initiation translation
Which drugs inhibit viral coating, and how do they do this?
amantadine, rimantadine;
they bind to the M2 transmembrane protein thereby preventing proton pumping
What does neuraminidase inhibition ultimately prevent, and which drugs do this?
It prevents budding and release of new viruses;
oseltamivir, zanamivir
How can African trypanosomes evade the immune system?
Variable surface glycoproteins (accomplished through gene rearrangement)
How can Toxoplasmosis gondii evade the immune system?
It creates a micro-environment inside the cell which prevents its epitopes from getting onto MHC molecules
How does Treponema pallidum evade the immune system?
It can coat itself in human proteins
Which of these primary immunodeficiencies is most common?
DiGeorge syndrome
agammaglobulinemia
Selective IgA deficiency
SCID
Selective IgA deficiency
What kind of drugs are zalcitabine, didanosine, and zidovudine, i.e. how do they work?
They are nucleoside analog inhibitors that terminate DNA chain elongation by reverse transcriptase
What kind of drug is nevirapine, i.e. how does it work?
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; it binds to RT and causes a conformational change that keeps it from functioning
What class of drugs are acyclovir and foscarnet?
Non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors
Salvarsan was the first documented chemical used as an antimicrobial drug to treat which disease?
Syphilis
Who eventually purified penicillin?
Chain and Florey
T/F: Beta-lactams are only effective against Gram(+) organisms.
False, they vary in spectrum; e.g. cephalexin is broad-spectrum
What is the route of administration for vancomycin?
IV; cannot give PO because it is poorly absorbed in GI tract
Give the mechanism of tetracyclines and which Gram organisms they are effective against:
Binds to 30S subunit of ribosome and blocks tRNA docking site;
both Gram(+) and (-)
What mechanism of resistance do bacteria seem to employ against tetracyclines?
efflux pumping
Name some macrolides, and give their mechanism:
erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin;
Jams ribosome by binding to 50S subunit
Macrolides are effective against Gram___ organisms and are the alternative choice for patients allergic to ___________.
(+); penicillin
How does chloramphenicol work?
Blocks peptide bond formation by binding to 50S subunit
Which class of antibiotic is especially effective against C. difficile?
Lincosamides
Give the mechanism of lincosamides and name the most commonly used one:
Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit;
clindamycin
Which new classes of antibiotics are effective against bacteria resistant to beta-lactams and vancomycin?
Oxazolidinones; streptogramins
What is Synercid?
a combination antibiotic of quinupristin and dalfopristin used to treat VRE
Name some fluoroquinolones, and give the mechanism:
ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin;
inhibits DNA gyrase
How do rifamycins work, and what are they primarily used to treat?
Block RNA polymerase;
TB and Hansen's
Sulfonamides are _______ inhibitors because they resemble _________.
folate; PABA
What is the mechanism of polymixin B, and what are the consequences of the mechanism?
It interferes with cell membrane integrity; therefore, it is effective against Gram(-) but is limited to topical use (being effective against us too)
List the 5 first-line drugs for treating TB:
rifampin
streptomycin
isoniazid
ethambutol
pyrazinamide
What kind of drugs are indinavir and ritonavir?
HIV protease inhibitors
Which class of antifungals interferes with fungal cell wall synthesis?
Echinocandins
Flucytosine is preferentially taken up by ________ and converted to an inhibitor of _____________________.
fungi; nucleid acid synthesis
What does Malarone treat, and what is its mechanism?
Malaria;
it is a synergistic combo drug that
1) interferes with mitochondrial electron transport and
2) disrupts folate synthesis
What percentage of the population has an autoimmune disease?
5%