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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Protonsil dye turned out to be a pro-drug for what kind of drug?
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sulfonamide
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What is a major target for antifungals?
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ergosterol
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Which drugs are polyenes, and what do they do?
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Amphoterocin B ; nystatin
They disrupt the fungal membrane by targeting ergosterol |
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Which drugs are azoles, and what do they do?
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fluconazole, miconazole, metronidazole;
they inhibit ergosterol synthesis |
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What drug is an allyamine, and what does it treat?
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Lamisil ;
dermatophyte infection |
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Which bacterial strain is the leading cause of pneumonia in adults?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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What are quats?
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quaternary ammonium compounds: they are surfactants that react with and destroy cell membranes
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What is the active ingredient in Lysol, and what is its mode of action?
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carbolic acid (a phenolic);
it destroys the cell membrane and denatures proteins |
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Which type of hypersensitivity involves:?
IgE mast cell activation asthma anaphylaxis |
Type I
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Which hypersensitivity involves:?
IgG hemolytic diseases ADCC |
Type II
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Which hypersensitivity involves:?
IgG complement phagocytosis immune complex serum sickness glomerulonephritis |
Type III
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What rare adverse effect can chloramphenical cause?
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aplastic anemia
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Which hypersensitivity involves:?
delayed hypersensitivity transplant immunity PPD contact dermatitis TH1, TH2 |
Type IV
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What is the mechanism of vancomycin?
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It inhibits the formation of glycan chains of the PTG wall
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What is the mechanism of bacitracin?
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It interferes with the transport of PTG precursors
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Name some aminoglycosides, and give the mechanism:
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streptomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin;
they bind to the 30s subunit of ribosomes and block initiation translation |
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Which drugs inhibit viral coating, and how do they do this?
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amantadine, rimantadine;
they bind to the M2 transmembrane protein thereby preventing proton pumping |
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What does neuraminidase inhibition ultimately prevent, and which drugs do this?
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It prevents budding and release of new viruses;
oseltamivir, zanamivir |
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How can African trypanosomes evade the immune system?
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Variable surface glycoproteins (accomplished through gene rearrangement)
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How can Toxoplasmosis gondii evade the immune system?
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It creates a micro-environment inside the cell which prevents its epitopes from getting onto MHC molecules
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How does Treponema pallidum evade the immune system?
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It can coat itself in human proteins
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Which of these primary immunodeficiencies is most common?
DiGeorge syndrome agammaglobulinemia Selective IgA deficiency SCID |
Selective IgA deficiency
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What kind of drugs are zalcitabine, didanosine, and zidovudine, i.e. how do they work?
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They are nucleoside analog inhibitors that terminate DNA chain elongation by reverse transcriptase
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What kind of drug is nevirapine, i.e. how does it work?
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Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; it binds to RT and causes a conformational change that keeps it from functioning
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What class of drugs are acyclovir and foscarnet?
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Non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors
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Salvarsan was the first documented chemical used as an antimicrobial drug to treat which disease?
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Syphilis
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Who eventually purified penicillin?
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Chain and Florey
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T/F: Beta-lactams are only effective against Gram(+) organisms.
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False, they vary in spectrum; e.g. cephalexin is broad-spectrum
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What is the route of administration for vancomycin?
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IV; cannot give PO because it is poorly absorbed in GI tract
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Give the mechanism of tetracyclines and which Gram organisms they are effective against:
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Binds to 30S subunit of ribosome and blocks tRNA docking site;
both Gram(+) and (-) |
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What mechanism of resistance do bacteria seem to employ against tetracyclines?
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efflux pumping
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Name some macrolides, and give their mechanism:
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erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin;
Jams ribosome by binding to 50S subunit |
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Macrolides are effective against Gram___ organisms and are the alternative choice for patients allergic to ___________.
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(+); penicillin
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How does chloramphenicol work?
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Blocks peptide bond formation by binding to 50S subunit
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Which class of antibiotic is especially effective against C. difficile?
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Lincosamides
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Give the mechanism of lincosamides and name the most commonly used one:
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Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit;
clindamycin |
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Which new classes of antibiotics are effective against bacteria resistant to beta-lactams and vancomycin?
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Oxazolidinones; streptogramins
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What is Synercid?
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a combination antibiotic of quinupristin and dalfopristin used to treat VRE
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Name some fluoroquinolones, and give the mechanism:
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ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin;
inhibits DNA gyrase |
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How do rifamycins work, and what are they primarily used to treat?
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Block RNA polymerase;
TB and Hansen's |
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Sulfonamides are _______ inhibitors because they resemble _________.
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folate; PABA
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What is the mechanism of polymixin B, and what are the consequences of the mechanism?
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It interferes with cell membrane integrity; therefore, it is effective against Gram(-) but is limited to topical use (being effective against us too)
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List the 5 first-line drugs for treating TB:
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rifampin
streptomycin isoniazid ethambutol pyrazinamide |
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What kind of drugs are indinavir and ritonavir?
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HIV protease inhibitors
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Which class of antifungals interferes with fungal cell wall synthesis?
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Echinocandins
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Flucytosine is preferentially taken up by ________ and converted to an inhibitor of _____________________.
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fungi; nucleid acid synthesis
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What does Malarone treat, and what is its mechanism?
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Malaria;
it is a synergistic combo drug that 1) interferes with mitochondrial electron transport and 2) disrupts folate synthesis |
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What percentage of the population has an autoimmune disease?
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5%
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