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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Host Defenses: First line of defense |
First: Innately Acquired, nonspecific, does not develop immunologic memory ● Physical barriers; skin, tears, coughing, sneezing, ● Chemical barriers; Low pH, lysozyme [an enzyme that hydrolyzes the cell wall of bacteria it is in tears], digestive enzymes [hydrochloric acid in stomach][Semen contains an antimicrobial chemical & vagina has acidic pH][Skin - high lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in sweat -antimicrobial - high salt content, only high acidic tolerant can live on surface of skin] ● Genetic barriers; resistance inherent in genetic make up of host (pathogen cannot invade) [1% don't have receptor for HIV, thus are immune] |
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Host Defenses: Second line of defenses |
Second: Innately Acquired, Mostly nonspecific response, doesn't develop an immunological memory ● Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferon The 2nd line of defense is a - ●Large, complex, and diffuse ● Reticuloendothelial system (RES) -fibers that connect everything together - has a lot of hiding spots for monocytes to come and attack ● Extracellular fluid (ECF) - bathes cells and WBC sit in it ready to attack ●Bloodstream - WBC in bloodstream waiting to attack ●Lymphatic system - WBC in lymphatic waiting to attack |
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Host Defenses: Third line of defenses |
Third: it is an Acquired defense, it is specific, and it does develop an immunological memory ● T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, antibodies |
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a first line of defense A. White blood cells B. Lysozyme C. Hydrochloric acid in stomach D. The sneeze reflex E. Cilia in the respiratory tract |
A. White blood cells |
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Reticuloendothelial System (RES) |
●Network of connective tissue fibers that interconnects other cells and meshes with the connective tissue network surrounding organs ● Inhabited by phagocytic cells - mononuclear phagocyte system - macrophages ready to attack and ingest microbes that passed the first line of defense |
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Origin, Composition and Function of the blood |
●Whole blood consists of plasma and formed elements (blood cells) - Serum is the liquid portion of the blood after a clot has formed - (same as plasma except minus clotting factors) ●Plasma - 92% water, metabolic proteins, globulins, clotting factors, hormones, and all other chemicals and gases to support normal physiological functions. |
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●Hemopoiesis ●Stem Cells ●Leukocytes 2 types : ●Granulocytes ●Agranulocytes |
Hemopoiesis - Production of blood cells Stem Cells - Undifferentiated cells, precursor of new blood cells Leukocytes - White Blood Cells [2 types] ●Granulocytes: - Lobed nucleus ●Agranulocytes: - unlobed, rounded nucleus |
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell |
Master Stem Cell that makes all different types of blood cells |
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Granulocytes ● Neutrophils ● Eosinophils ● Basophils ● Mast cells |
Appearance: Lobed nucleus Neutrophils - 55-90% - lobed nuclei with lavender granules; phagocytes - their job is to go out and eat the bad guys Eosinophils - 1-3% - orange granules and bilobed nucleus; destroy eukaryotic pathogens - specific against parisites. Basophils - 0.5% - constricted nuclei, dark blue granules; release potent chemical mediator - specific for allergies Mast cells - nonmotile elements bound to connective tissue |
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Agranulocytes ●Lymphocytes B (humoral immunity) T Cells (cell-mediated immunity) ●Monocytes | Macrophages ● Macrophages ● Dendritic cells |
Agranulocytes
●Lymphocytes 20-30%, specific immune response B (humoral immunity) activated B cells produce antibodies T Cells (cell-mediated immunity) activated T cells modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells ●Monocytes | Macrophages 3-7% largest of WBCs, Kidney-shaped nucleus; phagocytic (Like Neutrophils they eat the bad guy but they also share what they've eaten. The link between the innate immunity and the acquired immunity They say "look what I ate'' to the B & T cells, attack! ) ● Macrophages Final differentiation of monocytes - have to eat something before they can tell the T cell to do something ● Dendritic cells trap pathogens and participate in immune reactions |
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Erythrocytes and Platelet |
Erythrocytes: develop from bone marrow stem cells, lose nucleus, simple biconcave sacs of hemoglobin - Carry O2 - recycled in the spleen. Platelets: formed elements in circulating blood that are not whole cells - used for blood clotting. Activated plug hole |
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Lymphatic System |
1. Provides an auxiliary route for return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system. 2. Acts as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response. 3. Renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material. [Lymphatic System is necessary to bring extra fluid back to the heart] |
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Lymphatic Fluid |
Lymph is a plasma-like liquid carried by lymphatic circulation ● Formed when blood components move out of blood vessels into extracellular spaces ● Made up of water, dissolved salts, 2-5% proteins ● Transports white blood cells, fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents [Cancer is notorious for using the lymph system to travel to other systems :( ] |
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Lymphatic Vessels |
● Lymphatic capillaries permeate all parts of the body except the CNS, bone, placenta, and thymus [old research they're now finding that it's also in the brain as of 2015] ● Thin walls easily permeated by extracellular fluid which is then moved through contraction of skeletal muscles ● Functions to return lymph to circulation; flow is one-direction - toward the heart - eventually returning tot he blood stream |
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Lymphoid Organs and Tissues |
●Classified as primary and secondary ● Primary lymphoid organs ● Site of cell production and maturity ● Bone marrow, Thymus [T cells are born in the bone marrow and are sent to Thymus to mature and receive receptors] (Thymus decreases as we age - contributing to decreased immune system defenses as we age) ● Secondary lymphoid organs and tissues ● Sites where cells will hang out and survey for disease ● Lymph nodes, Tonsils, spleen |
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Lymphoid Organs Primary Secondary |
Primary Lymphoid Organs: ● Bone Marrow - site where all blood cells are made from stem cells; B cells mature here as well ● Thymus - high rate of growth and activity until puberty, then begins to shrink; site of T-cell maturation Secondary Lymphoid organs: ● Lymph nodes - small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs stationed along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities ● Spleen - structurally similar to lymph node; filters circulating blood to remove worn out RBCs and pathogens (RBC recycle center) ● Miscellaneous - GALT, Peyer's patch |
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T cells mature in the A. Lymph Nodes B. Spleen C. Thymus D. GALT |
C. Thymus |
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List the 4 Actions of the Second Line of Defense |
● Inflammation ● Phagocytosis ● Interferon ● Complement |
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Inflammatory Response Classic signs and symptoms characterized by: |
●Redness - increased circulation and vasodilation in injured tissues in response to chemical mediators ● Warmth - heat given off by the increased blood flow ● Swelling - increased fluid escaping into the tissue as blood vessels dilate - edema; WBC's, microbes, debris, and fluid collect to form pus; prevents the spread of infection. ● Pain - stimulation of nerve endings from swelling |
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Steps the body takes in a puncture wound |
Injury/Immediate Reactions ● Bacteria in wound ● Mast cells release chemical mediators ● Vasoconstriction Vascular Reactions ● Clotting factor - platelets ● Neutrophils - First responders - eat the bad guys ● Vasodilation - allows swelling Edema and Pus Formation ● Swelling associated with increased substances in the area, the fluid leaking out, cells ● Puss is the waste product from the neutrophils - it's working it's eating the bacteria Resolution/Scar Formation ● Lymphocytes and Macrophages finish up the job of the Neutrophils and create a warning system for future attacks telling the T & B cells what to do 'next time' create memories. |
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Unique Characteristics of Leukocytes |
● Diapedesis - migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues [moving in between the cells or through the cell of blood vessel wall] ● Chemotaxis - migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection [chemicals that allows diapedesis ] |
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Fever Causes & benefits of - |
Fever ● Initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to increase body temperature; signals muscles to increase heat production and vasoconstriction ● Exogenous pyrogens products of infectious agents ● Endogenous pyrogens - liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis; interleukin -1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ● Benefits of fever: ● Inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms ● Impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the available iron ● Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and protective physiological processes 101 good 103 + bad |
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Phagocytosis |
General activities of phagocytes: 1. to survey tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and dead or injured cells 2. to ingest and eliminate these materials 3. to extract immunogenic information from foreign matter. |
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Phagocytes and Phagocytosis |
●Neutrophils - general-purpose; react early to bacteria and other foreign materials, and reacts to damaged tissues ● Eosinophils - attracted to sites of parasitic infections and antigen-antibody reactions ● Macrophages - derived from monocytes; scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes [eat digest and then present to B&T] |
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Interferon |
● Small protein produced by certain WBCs and tissue cells ● Interferon alpha - turns on lymphocytes and macrophages ● Interferon beta - turns on fibroblasts and epithelial cells ● Interferon gamma - turns on T cells ● Produced in response to viruses, RNA, immune products, and various antigens, they bind to cell surfaces and induce expression of antiviral proteins and inhibit expression of cancer genes |
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What is Complement |
Complement is a series of blood serum proteins that interact with pathogens, kill them , and turns on the immune system, activating inflammation, Cell lysis, and performs Opsonization. C1-C9 order they were discovered not order they function. C3a -> activates inflammation. C3b does opsonization by attaching to bacteria so that phagocytes can attach to c3b and thus 'eat' the bacteria bringing it into the phagocyte. Coating bacteria with C3b to allows them to be more easily 'eaten' is called Opsonization. c5a increases inflammation and chemo attractant to phagocytes to the area. c5b-c7-c8-c9 forms a Membrane attack complex (MAC) that forms a hole in the cell membrane and causes the cell to lyse. ● Complement consists of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria and viruses ● Complement proteins are activated by cleavage (cascade reaction) ►Pathways ● Classical - activated by the presence of antibody bound to microorganism ● lectin pathway - nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein that binds mannan ● Alternative - begins when complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and surface components of microorganisms |
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Which of the following defenses is most likely to be active during a viral infection? A. Inflammation B. Fever C. Interferon D. Completment |
C. Interferon |
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Summary ● Immunology ●First line of Defense ● Second Line of Defense |
●Immunology - Study of the immune system ● First line of Defense - Mechanical barriers ●Structures and chemicals that keep foreign invaders out ● Skin, mucous membranes, tears, wax, sweat ●Second Line of Defense - Cells and Inflammation ● White Blood Cells (excluding T & B cells) ● Lymph and Lymphoid Tissue ● Inflammation - (Heat, Redness, Swelling & Pain) ● Phagocytosis and Complement |
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Chart of 1,2nd and 3rd line of defenses |
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