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42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Infection with this virus causes rapid onset of symptoms after an incubation period of 2 days including sore throat, fever, headache, chills, and generalized aches:
Influenza A and B
Besides the five classical symptoms of the flu, what other complications may be seen, especially in the elderly and young infants?
There is a dry, non-productive cough in the elderly and GI symptoms (nausea and vomiting) in infants
Proteolytic cleavage of _______ is necessary for infectivity of virion in influenza:
Hemagglutinin Antigen (HA)
Has serologically distinct subtypes of HA becasue of genetic rearrangement creating new subtypes
Influenza A
Has no distinct serological subtypes and No real antigenic shift
Influenza B
Antigenic shift occurs in ________ typically involving genome reassortment in pigs coinfected with human and avian strains
Influenza A
_____ on influenza A virus binds to NeuNAca2, 3GAL for avian viruses.
Hemaglutinin (HA)
HA on influenza A virus binds to NeuNAca2, 6GAL for ________ viruses.
Human
________ have both human and avain receptors for HA on Influenza and serve as a resevoir for genetic reassortment
Pigs
When should pregnant women get the flu vaccine?
In the 2nd and 3rd trimesters during flu season
What three components do influenza vaccines have?
Type A H1N1, type A H3N2, and type B components
Cold adapted LAV is delivered via IV and is restricted to what population.
Healthy individuals ages 5-49
Can get whole inactivated flu vaccine if what age?
12
These two drugs are inhibitors of influenza virus uncoating for therapy/prophylaxis against Influenza A although most current H3N2 strains are resistant
1. Amantidine
2. Ramantidine
These two neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are used for prophylaxis and therapy against Influenza A and B
1. Zanamivir
2. Oseltamivir
When are the influenza therapies effective?
They reduce duration and clinical illness when started within 2 days of initial symptoms
What are the two major epidemiological characteristics of a flu pandemic? Which one is not in the WHO criteria?
1. Extensive global geographic spread
2. high attack rate/incidence in humans.
WHO does not consider morbidity or mortality in a pandemic.
What was the cause of the pandemics of 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2)?
Caused by antigenic shift resulting in new HA subtype associated with reassortment between avain and human viruses.
This was classified in June 2009 as a pandemic virus, it had a swine origin, and a low morbidity/mortality in the elderly but increased mortality in pediatric populations when compared to the seasonal flu:
Influenza A :H1N1
Why has Influenza A H5N1 not become a pandemic? What might change this?
The avain flu has only been seen as sporadic zoonotic cases and has not established efficient human to human spread necessary for it to become a pandemic. This may be due to the different receptors for human and avain flu.
Production requiring embryonic chick eggs instead of cell culture, genetic modification of highly pathogenic avain viruses, and ongoing antigenic drift are all complications of what?
These are all difficulties in producing effective human vaccines against influenza.
Polio virus, Coxackie A & B, echo and entero are all ________ viruses in the family picornavirus.
Enterovirus
What are the major characteristics of all enteroviruses?
1. Contagious
2. Fecal oral route
3. Peak incidence in summer and early fall
4. Mild in most cases
5. Long-term acquired immunity to serotype
When does enterovirus infection peak?
Summer and early fall
This enterovirus causes myocarditis and pericarditis:
Coxsackie B
This enterovirus casues herpangina
Coxsackie A
This enterovirus casues acute hemorrhagic conjunctiva
Coxsackie A and Entero 70
These enteroviruses cause aseptic meningitis:
Echo and Coxsackie A and B
This enterovirus casues encephalitis
Entero 71
These enteroviruses casue acute flaccid paralysis:
Polio and Entero 71
Lab diagnosis of what disease includes virus isolation in cell culture of CSF, nasopharyngeal swab, or stool specimens followed by serotyping using a panel of neutralizing antibodies to determine if it is Sabin vaccine polio virus?
Serious enteroviral infections
This test is done for serum IgM and is useful if highly serotype specific. Can be used to assay for enterovirus 70.
Antibody Capture ELISA
This method of testing is more cost effective and rapid than cell culture, especially when analyzing CSF for diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis
RT-PCR
What is the prognosis for enteroviral meningitis?
It is usually self-limited and does not involve hospitalization
This is the inactivated, injected vaccine that was developed in 1955 to combat polio.
Salk Vaccine
This is the live, attenuated version of the polio vaccine developed in 1962.
Sabin vaccine
Which is the recommended polio vaccine in the US?
The inactivaed vaccine (IPV) aka Salk
This is a condition that affects polio survivors 10-40 years post recovery from an initial paralytic attack of polio and characterized by further weakening of affected muscles.
Post-polio Syndrome (PPS)
What is the Salk vaccine?
The inactivated polio vaccine given IM.
What is the Sabin vaccine?
The oral polio vaccine that is no longer used in the US.
This vaccine is associated with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP)
Sabin oral polio Vaccine (OPV)
This vaccine for polio is used in the eradication initiative becasue it elicits mucosal immunity (secretory IgA) which limits the spread of wild poliovirus along with the generalized immunity.
Sabin OPV - used in developing countries to erradicate polio