Microbiology Fito

Front 1

Explain Aristoteles’ view

Back 1

Spontaneous Genesis: living organisms could develop out from nonliving matter

Front 2

Anton van Leeuwenhoeck

Back 2

Early experiments, covex glass lenses. "First microscopes"

Front 3

Francesco Redi’s experiment

Back 3

Containers with meat, covered and uncovered, flies etc. (He said. We are "redi" with the meat, Francesco Redi.)

Front 4

Edward Jenner

Back 4

Vaccination cowpox - Inmunity for disease. First to conduct test in immunity with dead pathogenic cells

Front 5

Louis Pasteur

Back 5

(1860) S shaped flasks, dust particles trapped -> preventing bacteria get into the broths

Front 6

Sergei Winogradsky

Back 6

Winogradsky column (display of chemoautotrophy and microbial ecology)

Front 7

Robert Koch (1872) and his team.

Back 7

Germ Theory of Disease. THEY were busy with disease Anthrax, infected healthy mice with microbes and observed symptoms, resistant ‘spores’, agar-based media to cultivate and study bacteria.

Front 8

Koch's 1st postulate:

Back 8

The microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease

Front 9

Koch's 2nd postulate:

Back 9

The pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

Front 10

Koch's 3rd postulate:

Back 10

The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal

Front 11

Koch's 4rd postulate:

Back 11

The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen

Front 12

The resolution of a light microscope (LM) is determined by... (2 factors)

Back 12

1. numerical Aperture of its lens system
2. Wavelength of the light

Front 13

Maximum resolution of a light microscope (LM) is about...

Back 13

about 0.2 micrometers.

Front 14

the Focal point is:

Back 14

It is the place where the Image is focused after that light is bent by lenses

Front 15

microscope Resolution refers to:

Back 15

Resolution is the ability of a lens to Separate or Distinguish small objects that are close together;

Front 16

The major factor determining the Resolution is:

Back 16

the Wavelength of light used

Front 17

Absorption (explain):

Back 17

When light passes through an object the intensity is reduced depending upon the color absorbed

Front 18

Refraction (explain)::

Back 18

Direction change of a ray of light passing from one transparent medium to another with different optical density

Front 19

Diffraction:

Back 19

Light rays bend around Edges, new wavefronts are generated at sharp edges.
The smaller the aperture the lower the definition

Front 20

Dispersion:

Back 20

Separation of light into its constituent wavelengths when entering a transparent medium -the change of refractive index with wavelength such as the spectrum produced by a prism or a rainbow

Front 21

3 ideas about transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Back 21

1.TEM is operated at high vacuum.
2. TEM focuses beams (ray) of electrons
3. TEM has resolution (0.5nm) about 1,000 times better than light microscope (LM) (0.2 mm)

Front 22

Procaryotic cells (P.C.), explain

Back 22

They are cells with lack a true, membrane-enclosed nucleus; The genetic material is located in a nucleoid.
bacteria and archaea are procaryotic;

Front 23

P.C. vary in size. Are they generally smaller or bigger than eucaryotic cells?

Back 23

Procaryotic cells are generally SMALLER than most eucaryotic cells;

Front 24

Wich size are Bacterial?

Back 24

They are extremely small and are most conveniently measured in microns (10-6m = micro m). Generally are unicellular organisms

Front 25

How Bacteria reproduce themselves?

Back 25

by Binary Fission.

Front 26

Explain Gram stain procedure

Back 26

It is a Differential staining procedure.
It divides bacteria into gram-positive/gram-negative groups.

Front 27

Gram stain is baded on...(2 factors)

Back 27

1. on ability to retain crystal violet when decolorized with an solvent.
2. on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls.

Front 28

Gram-negative and Gram-positive cells. 1 difference and 1 similarity betwwen.

Back 28

- They differ in cell walls.
- Both use flagella for locomotion.

Front 29

In P.C, where is located the plasma membrane?

Back 29

Plasma membrane is located inside the cell wall and separated from it by a periplasmic space

Front 30

In P.C.. where the genetic material is localized?

Back 30

The genetic material is localizedIn a discrete region: the nucleoid

Front 31

In P.C. ."Selectively permeable barrier, mechanical cell boundary, nutrient/waste transport, place of many metabolic processes as respiration/photosynthesis, detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis"

Back 31

Plasma membrane

Front 32

In P.C. "Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments"

Back 32

Gas vacuole

Front 33

In P.C. "Protein synthesis its a function of.."

Back 33

Ribosomes

Front 34

In P.C. who does "Storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances"

Back 34

Inclusion bodies

Front 35

In P.C. where is the Localization of genetic material (DNA)

Back 35

Nucleoid

Front 36

In P.C. Who Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake?

Back 36

Periplasmic space

Front 37

In P.C. Who gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute solutions? ah?

Back 37

The Cell wall

Front 38

In P.C. Who is famous for "Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces"

Back 38

Capsules and slime layers

Front 39

In P.C. who is "Attached to surfaces, and participate on bacterial mating"

Back 39

Fimbriae and pili

Front 40

In P.C., the Movement is made for?

Back 40

Flagella

Front 41

In P.C. Survival under harsh environmental conditions

Back 41

Endospore

Front 42

In P.C. Who match with this def. "Phospholipid bilayer of lipids and proteins with hydrophilic surfaces and a hydrophobic interior (amphipathic)";

Back 42

Plasma membrane

Front 43

most bacterial membranes lack of...

Back 43

Sterols

Front 44

Function of plasma membrane in P.C.

Back 44

The plasma membrane acts as a boundary: Holding cell constituents together and keeping other substances from entering

Front 45

In P.C. substance between the membrane and the nucleoid

Back 45

Cytoplasmic matrix

Front 46

In P.C. The organelle where protein synthesis occurs; the message encoded in mRNA is translated here

Back 46

Ribosome

Front 47

In P.C.
Small, closed circular DNA molecules. Replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome, carry genes

Back 47

Plasmids

Front 48

Polysaccharide polymer found in bacterial cell walls; polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptide bridges

Back 48

Peptidoglycan

Front 49

Relatively thin cell wall... Gram+ bacteria oder Gram- bacteria ?

Back 49

Gram -

Front 50

Cell wall is composed largely of peptidoglycan. Gram+ Bacteria oder Gram - bacteria?

Back 50

Gram +

Front 51

Noncovalently attachment in cell wall. Gram+ or Gram-Bacteria?

Back 51

Gram -

Front 52

A thin, threadlike appendage on many procaryotic and eucaryotic cells that is responsible for their motility. We are here talking about Mr...

Back 52

Flagella

Front 53

Types of Flagella:

Back 53

Monotrichous:a single flagellum. Amphitrichous:a single flagellum at each pole. Lophotrichous:a cluster (tuft) of flagella at one or both ends. Peritrichous- plenty of flagella scattered evenly on the surface of the cell

Front 54

This enzyme attacks peptidoglycan by hydrolyzing the bond C-N

Back 54

Lysozyme

Front 55

They are osmotically sensitive. If they are transferred to a dilute solution, they will lyse due to uncontrolled water influx

Back 55

Protoplasts and spheroplasts (maurice example)

Front 56

It inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in the cell wall

Back 56

Penicillin

Front 57

The Bacterial Endospore, explain

Back 57

It is a special, resistant, dormant structure which enables bacteria to resist harsh environmental conditions

Front 58

prokaryotic cells - genetic material

Back 58

usually found in single circular chromosome

Front 59

prokaryotic cells - location of genetic information

Back 59

nuclear region (nucleoid)

Front 60

prokaryotic cells - nucleolus

Back 60

absent

Front 61

prokaryotic cells - histones

Back 61

absent

Front 62

prokaryotic cells - extrachromosomal dna

Back 62

in plasmids

Front 63

prokaryotic cells - mitotic spindle

Back 63

absent

Front 64

prokaryotic cells - plasma membrane

Back 64

fluid mosaic structure lacking sterols

Front 65

prokaryotic cells - internal membranes

Back 65

only in photosynthetic organisms

Front 66

prokaryotic cells - endoplasmic reticulum

Back 66

absent

Front 67

prokaryotic cells - respiratory enzymes

Back 67

cell membrane

Front 68

prokaryotic cells - chromatophores

Back 68

present in photosynthetic bacteria

Front 69

prokaryotic cells - chloroplasts

Back 69

absent

Front 70

prokaryotic cells - golgi apparatus

Back 70

absent

Front 71

prokaryotic cells - lysosomes

Back 71

absent

Front 72

prokaryotic cells - peroxisomes

Back 72

absent

Front 73

prokaryotic cells - ribosomes

Back 73

70S

Front 74

prokaryotic cells - cytoskeleton

Back 74

absent

Front 75

prokaryotic cells - cell wall

Back 75

peptidoglycan found on most cells

Front 76

prokaryotic cells - external layer

Back 76

capsule or slime player

Front 77

prokaryotic cells - flagella

Back 77

when present, consist of fibrils of flagellin

Front 78

prokaryotic cells - cilia

Back 78

absent

Front 79

prokaryotic cells - pili

Back 79

present as attachment or conjugation pili in some prokaryotic cells

Front 80

prokaryotic cells - cell division

Back 80

binary fission

Front 81

prokaryotic cells - sexual exchange of genetic material

Back 81

not part of reproduction

Front 82

prokaryotic cells - sexual or asexual reproduction

Back 82

only asexual reproduction

Front 83

eukaryotic cells - genetic material

Back 83

typically found in paired chromosomes

Front 84

eukaryotic cells - location of genetic information

Back 84

membrane-enclosed nucleus

Front 85

eukaryotic cells - nucleolus

Back 85

present

Front 86

eukaryotic cells - histones

Back 86

present

Front 87

eukaryotic cells - extrachromosomal dna

Back 87

in organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, and in plasmids

Front 88

eukaryotic cells - mitotic spindle

Back 88

present during cell division

Front 89

eukaryotic cells - plasma membrane

Back 89

fluid mosaic structure containing sterols

Front 90

eukaryotic cells - internal membranes

Back 90

numerous membrane-enclosed organelles

Front 91

eukaryotic cells - endoplasmic reticulum

Back 91

present

Front 92

eukaryotic cells - respiratory enzymes

Back 92

mitochondria

Front 93

eukaryotic cells - chromatophores

Back 93

absent

Front 94

eukaryotic cells - chloroplasts

Back 94

present in some

Front 95

eukaryotic cells - golgi apparatus

Back 95

present

Front 96

eukaryotic cells - lysosomes

Back 96

present

Front 97

eukaryotic cells - peroxisomes

Back 97

present

Front 98

eukaryotic cells - ribosomes

Back 98

80S in cytoplasm and on endoplasmic reticulum, 70S in organelles

Front 99

eukaryotic cells - cytoskeleton

Back 99

present

Front 100

eukaryotic cells - cell wall

Back 100

cellulose, chitin, or both found on plant and fungal cells

Front 101

eukaryotic cells - external layer

Back 101

pellicle, test, or shell in certain protists

Front 102

eukaryotic cells - flagella

Back 102

when present, consist of complex membrane-enclosed structure with "9+2" microtubule arrangement

Front 103

eukaryotic cells - cilia

Back 103

present as structures shorter than, but similar to, flagella in some eukaryotic cells

Front 104

eukaryotic cells - pili

Back 104

absent

Front 105

eukaryotic cells - cell division

Back 105

mitosis and/or meiosis

Front 106

eukaryotic cells - sexual exchange of genetic material

Back 106

meiosis

Front 107

eukaryotic cells - sexual or asexual reproduction

Back 107

sexual or asexual reproduction

Front 108

all prokaryotes are

Back 108

bacteria

Front 109

eukaryotes include

Back 109

all plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Front 110

name of two prokaryotic domains

Back 110

arachea and bacteria

Front 111

do arachea cause disease?

Back 111

not as far as we know at this point

Front 112

average range of size of prokaryotes

Back 112

0.5 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter

Front 113

bacteria, surface-to-volume ratio

Back 113

large

Front 114

three basic shapes of bacteria

Back 114

spherical, rodlike, and spiral

Front 115

coccus

Back 115

sphere

Front 116

bacillus

Back 116

rod

Front 117

vibrio

Back 117

comma-shaped

Front 118

spirilium

Back 118

rigid, wavy shape

Front 119

spherochete

Back 119

corkscrew shaped

Front 120

diplo-

Back 120

division in one plane; cells in pairs

Front 121

strepto-

Back 121

division in one plane; cells in chains

Front 122

tetrads

Back 122

division in two planes; four cells arranged in a cube

Front 123

sarcinae

Back 123

division in three planes; eight cells arranged in a cube

Front 124

staphylo-

Back 124

division in random planes; grapelike clusters

Front 125

purpose of cell wall

Back 125

maintains characteristic shape and prevents cell from bursting when fluids flow into the cell via osmosis

Front 126

peptidoglycan is also called

Back 126

murein

Front 127

most important component of bacterial cell wall

Back 127

peptidoglycan

Front 128

outer membrane

Back 128

bilayer membrane found on outermost layer of cell wall in gram-negative bacteria

Front 129

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aka

Back 129

endotoxin

Front 130

LPS

Back 130

important part of outer membrane that is not released until cell walls of dead bacteria are broken down

Front 131

LPS composition

Back 131

polysaccharaides and lipid A (lipid A conveys toxic properties)

Front 132

periplasmic space

Back 132

gap between cell membrane and cell wall

Front 133

periplasmic space is active area of

Back 133

cell metabolism

Front 134

periplasm

Back 134

petidoglycan, protein constituents, and metabolites found in the periplasmic space

Front 135

peptidoglycan (murein) comprised of

Back 135

two alternating sugar units: (1) n-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and (2) n-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Front 136

peptidoglycan (murein) sugars are joined by

Back 136

short peptide chains that consist of four amino acids (tetrapeptides)

Front 137

outer membrane is attached to peptidogycan by

Back 137

a continuous layer of lipoprotein molecules

Front 138

proteins called _____ form channels through the OM

Back 138

porins

Front 139

the outer membrane contains _______ and ______

Back 139

surface antigens and receptors

Front 140

periplasmic space contains

Back 140

the cell wall, digestive enzymes and transport proteins

Front 141

gram-positive bacteria lack both _____ and _____

Back 141

an OM and a periplasmic space

Front 142

gram-positive bacteria have a relatively thick layer of

Back 142

peptidoglycan (60-90%)

Front 143

gram-negative bacteria have

Back 143

a more complex cell wall with a thin layer of peptidogycan (10-20%)

Front 144

acid-fast bacteria, characteristics

Back 144

thick, like that of gram-positive bacteria, but has much less peptidoglycan and about 60% lipid

Front 145

acid-fast bacteria are found in the genus

Back 145

Mycobacterium sp.

Front 146

cell wall of acid-fast bacteria is mainly composed of

Back 146

lipids

Front 147

the lipid component of acid-fast bacteria is

Back 147

mycolic acid

Front 148

acid-fast bacteria stain

Back 148

gram-positive

Front 149

antibiotic penicillin blocks what to damage cell walls?

Back 149

the final stages of peptidogycan synthesis

Front 150

enzyme lysozyme digests what?

Back 150

peptidoglycan

Front 151

lysozyme is found

Back 151

in tears and other human body secretions

Front 152

bacterial cells typically contain in their cytoplasm

Back 152

ribosomes, nucleoid region, vacuoles, and (some) endospores

Front 153

ribosomes consist of

Back 153

ribonucleic acid (rna) & protein

Front 154

ribosomes serve as sites of

Back 154

protein synthesis

Front 155

ribosomes are abundant in

Back 155

the cytoplasm of bacteria

Front 156

# of ribosomes in bacteria and eukaryotes

Back 156

70S in bacteria; 80S in eukaryotes

Front 157

long chains of ribosomes are called

Back 157

polyribosomes

Front 158

streptomycin & erythromycin function against bacteria by

Back 158

binding specifically to 70S ribosomes and disrupting bacterial protein synthesis

Front 159

nuclear region/nucleoid consists of

Back 159

dna, rna, & protein

Front 160

dna in bacteria is structured as

Back 160

usually one large, circular chromosome

Front 161

vibrio cholerae nuclei contain

Back 161

two chromosomes, one large and one small

Front 162

plasmids are

Back 162

extrachromosomal pieces of smaller, circular dna

Front 163

photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria contain

Back 163

internal membrane systems, aka chromatophores

Front 164

chromatophores are derived from

Back 164

the cell membrane and contain the photosynthetic pigments

Front 165

nitrifying bacteria also have

Back 165

internal membranes

Front 166

inclusions

Back 166

small bodies inside the bacterial cytoplasm

Front 167

granules

Back 167

not membrane bound and contain densely compacted substances (glycogen or polyphosphate)

Front 168

vesicles

Back 168

specialized membrane-enclosed structures that contain gas or poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (lipid)

Front 169

endospores

Back 169

centralized resting structure found in bacteria such as Bacillus sp. and Clostridium sp.

Front 170

endospores function to

Back 170

help the bacterial cells survive when conditions become unfavorable

Front 171

endospores are highly resistant to

Back 171

heat, drying, acids, bases, certain disinfectants and radiation

Front 172

external structure of bacteria

Back 172

bacteria may have structures that extend beyond or surround the cell wall

Front 173

types of external bacterial structures

Back 173

flagella and pili (which extend from the cell membrane through the cell wall and beyond) and capsules and slime layers (which surround the cell wall)

Front 174

bacterial flagella - monotrichous

Back 174

bacteria with a single polar flagellum located at one end (pole)

Front 175

bacterial flagella - amphitrichous

Back 175

bacteria with two flagella, one at each end

Front 176

bacterial flagella - peritrichous

Back 176

bacteria with flagella all over the surface

Front 177

bacterial flagella - atrichous

Back 177

bacteria without flagella

Front 178

bacterial flagella - lophotrichous

Back 178

two or more flagella

Front 179

endosymbiotic theory

Back 179

organelles of eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells that had developed a symbiotic relationship with the eukaryote-to-be

Front 180

symbiosis

Back 180

relationship between two different kinds of organisms that live in close contect

Front 181

endosymbiosis

Back 181

two different kinds of organisms living in close contact, where one lives inside the other

Front 182

simple diffusion

Back 182

the net movement of particles from a region of higher to lower concentration

Front 183

facilitated diffusion

Back 183

diffusion down a concentration gradient and across a membrane with the assistance of special pores or carrier molecules

Front 184

osmosis

Back 184

the diffusion of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a semipermiable membrane

Front 185

active transport

Back 185

movemebt of molecules and ions against concentration gradients from regions of lower concentration to ones of higher conecntration; requires ATP

Front 186

osmotic pressure

Back 186

pressure required to prevent the net flow of water by osmosis; the least amount of hydrostatic pressure req'd to prevent movement of water from solution into pure water is the osmotic pressure of the solution

Front 187

positive chemotaxis

Back 187

net result is movement towards the attractant (nutrients)

Front 188

negative chemotaxis

Back 188

net result is movement away from the repellent

Front 189

pilus, pili

Back 189

tiny, hollow projections used to attach bacteria to surfaces; not involved in movement

Front 190

F-pili

Back 190

long conjugation pili, "sex" pili

Front 191

fimbriae

Back 191

short attachment pili

Front 192

glycocalyx

Back 192

all polysaccharide/polypeptide-containg substances found external to cell wall, including capsules, slime layers

Front 193

all bacteria have at least ________ layer

Back 193

a thin slime layer

Front 194

capsule

Back 194

protective structure outside the cell wall of the organism from which it is secreted

Front 195

capsules found in

Back 195

only certain bacteria

Front 196

chemical composition of capsules

Back 196

unique to the strain of bacteria that secreted it

Front 197

encapsulated bacteria are able to

Back 197

evade host defense mechanisms (phagocytosis)

Front 198

slime layer

Back 198

less tightly bound to cell wall; thinner than a capsule

Front 199

slime layer, function of

Back 199

protects cell against drying; traps nutrients and binds cells together (biofilm)

Front 200

endocytosis

Back 200

moving substance by forming an invagination and surrounding substances from outside the cell

Front 201

exocytosis

Back 201

vesicles inside cell fuse with plasma membrane and extrude contents from the cell

Front 202

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes contain nucleic acids?

Back 202

Both

Front 203

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes contain proteins?

Back 203

Both

Front 204

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes contain lipids?

Back 204

Both

Front 205

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes contain carbohydrates?

Back 205

Both

Front 206

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have DNA that is not enclosed within a membrane and is one circular chromosome?

Back 206

Prokaryotes

Front 207

What to prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same kind of chemical reactions for?

Back 207

To metabolize food, build proteins and store energy

Front 208

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have DNA that is not associated with histones but with other proteins?

Back 208

Prokaryotes

Front 209

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes lack membrane enclosed organelles?

Back 209

Prokaryotes

Front 210

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have cell walls that almost always containt he complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan?

Back 210

Prokaryotes

Front 211

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes usually divide by binary fission?

Back 211

Prokaryotes

Front 212

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have DNA that is found in the cell's nucleus?

Back 212

Eukaryotes

Front 213

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have DNA that is associated with histones?

Back 213

Eukaryotes

Front 214

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have membrane enclosed organelles such as mitochondria?

Back 214

Eukaryotes

Front 215

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have cell walls, when present, are chemically simple?

Back 215

Eukaryotes

Front 216

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes usually divide by mitosis?

Back 216

Eukaryotes

Front 217

What does coccus mean?

Back 217

Sphere/Round

Front 218

What does bacillus mean?

Back 218

staff/rod-shaped

Front 219

What does spirilla mean?

Back 219

rigid with a spiral/corkscrew shape

Front 220

What does Strepto- mean?

Back 220

chains of cells

Front 221

What does Staphylo- mean?

Back 221

Clusters of cells

Front 222

What does Diplo- mean?

Back 222

two cells

Front 223

What does tetrad mean?

Back 223

four cells

Front 224

What does sarcinae mean?

Back 224

Cube of 8 cells

Front 225

What does vibrio mean?

Back 225

Curved Rod

Front 226

What does Spirochete mean?

Back 226

Flexible with spiral shape

Front 227

What is glycocalyx?

Back 227

a gerneral term used for substances that surround cells.

Front 228

What is glycocalyx composed of?

Back 228

polysaccharide, polypeptide or both

Front 229

What does a glycocalyx capsule do?

Back 229

contributes to the degree to which a pathogen causes disease and protects from phagocytosis.

Front 230

What is the function of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)?

Back 230

enables a bacterium to attach to a variety of surfaces.

Front 231

How do prokaryotic flagellum move?

Back 231

clockwise or counterclockwise around its long axis

Front 232

How do Eukaryotic flagellum move?

Back 232

in a wavelike motion

Front 233

What is taxis?

Back 233

the movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus.

Front 234

What are axial filaments?

Back 234

bundles of fibrals that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell.

Front 235

What is the function of fimbriae?

Back 235

enables a cell to adhere to surfaces, including that of other cells.

Front 236

What is the function of pili?

Back 236

to join bacterial cells in preparation for the transfer of DNA from one cell to another.

Front 237

Are pili or fimbriae longer?

Back 237

Pili

Front 238

How man pili are there per cell?

Back 238

one or two

Front 239

How many fimbriae are there per cell?

Back 239

A couple to hundreds

Front 240

What is the rigidity of the prokaryotic cell wall?

Back 240

semi-rigid

Front 241

What is the function of the prokaryotic cell wall?

Back 241

gives structure to and protects the cell.

Front 242

What does the prokaryotic cell wall surround?

Back 242

the underlying plasma membrane.

Front 243

What does the prokaryotic cell membrane prevent?

Back 243

Osmotic Lysis.

Front 244

What does the prokaryotic cell wall contribute to?

Back 244

the ability to cuase disease in some species.

Front 245

What is the prokaryotic cell wall a site of action for?

Back 245

some antibiotics

Front 246

What is the prokaryotic cell wall in bacteria made of?

Back 246

peptidoglycan.

Front 247

How many layers of peptidoglycan does a gram positive cell wall have?

Back 247

Many

Front 248

Do gram positive cell walls have teichoic acids?

Back 248

Yes

Front 249

How many layers of peptidoglycan does a gram negative cell wall have?

Back 249

one or a few

Front 250

Do gram positive cell walls have teichoic acids?

Back 250

No

Front 251

Are gram positive or gram negative cells more susceptible to rupture?

Back 251

gram negative

Front 252

What is Peptidoglycan?

Back 252

it's what the bacterial wall is composed of.

Front 253

What does Peptidoglycan consist of?

Back 253

a repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides.

Front 254

What is endotoxin?

Back 254

part of the outer portion of the cell wall of most gram negative bacteria.

Front 255

When is endotoxin released?

Back 255

Upon destruction of the cell.

Front 256

How does alcohol affect gram positive cells during gram staining?

Back 256

it dehydrates the peptidoglycan

Front 257

How does alcohol affect gram negative cells during gram staining?

Back 257

dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan.

Front 258

How does exposure to lysozyme affect the cell?

Back 258

it damages it

Front 259

How to antibiotics such as penicillin affect the cell?

Back 259

destroys the bacteria by interfering with the formation of the peptide cross-bridges of peptidoglycan, preventing the formation of a functional cell wall.

Front 260

Where does the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane lie?

Back 260

Inside the cell wall

Front 261

Where is the metabolic machinery of the cell located?

Back 261

On the plasma membrane

Front 262

Does the plasma membrane of the cell contain peripheral proteins?

Back 262

Yes

Front 263

How viscous is the plasma membrane?

Back 263

as viscous as olive oil.

Front 264

what way do the phospholipids move in the plasma membrane?

Back 264

rotate and move laterally.

Front 265

What is meant meant by the term "selective permeability"?

Back 265

allows passage of some molecules but not others across the plasma membrane.

Front 266

What is simple diffusion?

Back 266

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down its concentration gradient) until equilibrium is reached.

Front 267

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 267

solute combines with a transport protein in the membrane, to pass from one side of the membrane to the other. The molecule is moving down its concentration gradient.

Front 268

What is osmosis?

Back 268

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

Front 269

What is active transport?

Back 269

requires a transporter protein and ATP. The solute molecule is pumped against its concentration gradient.

Front 270

What is osmotic pressure?

Back 270

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.

Front 271

What is group translocation?

Back 271

a special form of active transport found only in prokaryotes, movement of a sucstance requires a specific transport protein. The substance is chemically altered during transport to prevent it from escaping the cell.

Front 272

What does isotonic mean?

Back 272

a solution in which, after immersion of cell, osmotic pressure is equal across the cell's membrane.

Front 273

What does hypotonic mean?

Back 273

a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than an isotonic solution.

Front 274

What does hypertonic mean?

Back 274

a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than an isotonic solution

Front 275

What is cytoplasm?

Back 275

the substance inside the plasma membrane

Front 276

What percentage of water does cytoplasm contain?

Back 276

80%

Front 277

What is the bacterial nucleoid?

Back 277

the region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome.

Front 278

What is a bacterial plasmid?

Back 278

small, circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome.

Front 279

What shape do bacterial chromosomes have?

Back 279

short, thick, rod-like bodies

Front 280

What is a ribosome?

Back 280

sites of protein synthesis

Front 281

What #S ribosomes does eukaryotic cells have?

Back 281

80S

Front 282

What #S ribosomes does prokaryotic cells have?

Back 282

70S

Front 283

Where can membrane-bound ribosomes be found?

Back 283

In the rough ER.

Front 284

What are inclusions?

Back 284

reserve deposits of nurtients that can be used in times of low resource availability

Front 285

What is step #1 in endospore formation?

Back 285

The sport septum (invagination of the plasma membrane) begins to isolate the newly replicated DNA and a small portion of cytoplasm. This results in the formation of 2 separate membrane bound structures.

Front 286

What is step #2 in endospore formation?

Back 286

the plasma membrane starts to surround the DNA, cytoplasm and the new membrane encircling the material isolated before, forming a double layered membrane bound structure called a forespore

Front 287

What is step #3 in endospore formation?

Back 287

thick peptidoglycan layers are laid down between the two membranes of the forespore.

Front 288

What is step #4 in endospore formation?

Back 288

a think spore coat of protein forms around the outer membrane of the forespore, which is responsible for the durability of the endospore.

Front 289

What is step #5 in endospore formation?

Back 289

when the endospore matures, the cell wall ruptures, killing hte cell and freezing the endospore. It is now metabolically inert.

Front 290

What does the nucleus of the cell contain?

Back 290

the cell's DNA

Front 291

What is the endoplasic reticulum?

Back 291

network of membranes extending from the nuclear membrane

Front 292

What happens to the molecules when they go through the Rough ER?

Back 292

they are processed and sorted and then incorporated into ogranelle membranes, inserted into the plasma membrane or secreted via exocytosis.

Front 293

What happens to the molecules when they go through the Smooth ER?

Back 293

Stores and releases

Front 294

What are ribosomes?

Back 294

site of protein synthesis

Front 295

What does the golgi complex do?

Back 295

modifies, sorts and packages proteins received from the rough ER.

Front 296

What are lysosomes?

Back 296

membrane enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi complex and contain powerful digestive enzymes.

Front 297

What do lysosomes do?

Back 297

They digest worn out organelles and their own cellular contents.

Front 298

What are vacuoles?

Back 298

space in the cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane called a tonoplast

Front 299

What do vacuoles do?

Back 299

they are temporary storage for biological molecules and ions, bring food into cells, provide structural support and store metabolic wastes.

Front 300

What do mitochondria do?

Back 300

produce most of the cell's ATP.

Front 301

Where does the aerobic phaser of cellular respiration occur?

Back 301

in the mitochondria.

Front 302

What are the peroxisomes used for?

Back 302

they contain enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic substances

Front 303

What do peroxisomes produce and then destroy?

Back 303

H2O2

Front 304

What are centrosomes?

Back 304

Denise areas of cytoplasm containing the centrioles

Front 305

What is the "endosymbiotic theory"?

Back 305

the theory that large bacterial cells lost their cell walls and engulfed smaller bacteria.

Front 306

How do they support the "endosymbiotic theory"?

Back 306

mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria in size and shape, they divide on their own and contain their own DNA and have 70S ribosomes.

Front 307

ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) transportter

Back 307

A membrane transport system consisting of three proteins, one of which hydrolyzes ATP, to transport specific nutrients into the cell

Front 308

Capsule

Back 308

a polysaccharide or protein outermost layer, usually rather slimy, present on some bacteria

Front 309

Chemotaxis

Back 309

Directed movement of an organism toward (positive) or away from (negative) a chemical gradient

Front 310

Cytoplasmic membrane

Back 310

the permeability barrier of the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the environment

Front 311

Endospore

Back 311

A highly heat-resistant, thick-walled, differentiated structure produced by certain gram-positive Bacteria

Front 312

Flagellum

Back 312

A long, thin cellular appendage capable of rotation in prokaryotic cells and responsible for swimming motility

Front 313

Gas vesicles

Back 313

Gas-filled cytoplasmic structure bounded by protein and conferring buoyancy on cells

Front 314

Gram-negative

Back 314

A prokaryotic cell whose cell wall contains small amounts of peptidoglycan, and an outer membrane, containing lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and other complex macromolecules

Front 315

Gram-positive

Back 315

A prokaryotic cell whose cell wall consists chiefly of petidoglycan and lacks the outer membrane of gram-negative cells

Front 316

Group Translocation

Back 316

an energy-dependent transport process in which the substance transported is chemically modified during the tranport process.

Front 317

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Back 317

lipid in combination with polysaccharide and protein, which forms the major portion of the outer membrane in a gram-negative Bacteria

Front 318

Magnetosomes

Back 318

particles of magnetite (Fe3O4) organized into nonunit membrane-enclosed structures in the cytoplasm of magnetotactic Bacteria

Front 319

Morphology

Back 319

The SHAPE of a cell: rod, cocus, spirillum, and the like

Front 320

Outer Membrane

Back 320

a phospholipid and polysaccharide containing unit membrane that lies external to the peptidoglycan layer in cells of gram-negative Bacteria

Front 321

Peptidoglycan

Back 321

A polysaccharide composed of alternating repeats of acetylglucosamine and acetlymuramic acid arranged in adjacent layers and cross-linked by short peptides

Front 322

Periplasm

Back 322

a gel-like region between the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner surfance of the lipopolysacharide layer of gram-negative Bacteria

Front 323

Peritichorous

Back 323

A pattern of flagellation where flagella are located in many places around the surface of the cell

Front 324

Phototaxis

Back 324

Movement of an organism toward light

Front 325

Polar

Back 325

In reference to flagellation, having flagella emanating fromone or both poles of the cell

Front 326

Poly-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Back 326

A common storage material prokaryotic cells consisting of a polymer of B-Hydroxybutyrate or anotgher B-alkanoic acid or mixtures of B-alkanoic acids

Front 327

Protoplast

Back 327

An osmotically protected cell whose cell wall has been removed

Front 328

Resolution

Back 328

The ability to distinguish two objects as distinct and separate

Front 329

S-Layer

Back 329

An outermost cell surface layer composed of protein or glycoprotein present on some Bacteria or Archaea

Front 330

Sterols

Back 330

Hydrophobic heterocyclic ringed molecules that stregthen the cytoplasmic membrane of eukaryotic cells and a few prokaryotes.

Front 331

most bacteria range from what in regards to diameter and length

Back 331

0.2 to 2.0 um in diameter

Front 332

basic shapes of bacteria

Back 332

spherical coccus, rod-shaped bacillus and spiral

Front 333

when cocci divide to reproduce the cells can remain

Back 333

attached to one another

Front 334

diplococci

Back 334

are cocci that remain in pairs after dividing

Front 335

streptococci

Back 335

cocci that remain attached in chain like structures

Front 336

tetrads

Back 336

cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four

Front 337

sarcinae

Back 337

divide in three planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of 8

Front 338

staphylococci

Back 338

divide in multiple planes and from grapelike clusters

Front 339

Most bacilli appear as single rods called

Back 339

single bacilli

Front 340

Diplobacilli appear

Back 340

in pairs after division

Front 341

what type of bacilli occur in chains

Back 341

streptobacilli

Front 342

coccobacilli

Back 342

are oval and look so much like cocci

Front 343

vibrio

Back 343

bacteria that look like curved rods

Front 344

spirilla

Back 344

a helical shape like a corkscrew

Front 345

spirochetes

Back 345

group of spirals that are helical and flexible

Front 346

monomorphic

Back 346

bacteria that maintains a single shape

Front 347

pleomorphic

Back 347

can have many shapes not just one

Front 348

how would you be able to identify streptocci thru a microscope?

Back 348

because of it's chain like structure

Front 349

Does a prokaryotic cell contain a nucleus?

Back 349

No

Front 350

does prokaryotic cells have membrane-enclosed organelles

Back 350

no

Front 351

what does the flagella of a prokaryotic cell consist of

Back 351

two protein building blocks

Front 352

glycocalyx in prokaryotes?

Back 352

is secreted on the surface and is present as a capsule or slim layer. (Sugar coat)

Front 353

does a prokaryote contain a cell wall?

Back 353

It's usually present and is chemically complex (includes peptidoglycan)

Front 354

plasma membrane in prokaryotes

Back 354

no carbohydrates and generally lacks sterols

Front 355

does a prokaryote contain a cytoplasm or streaming

Back 355

no cytoplasmic streaming or cytoskeleton

Front 356

size of the ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell

Back 356

70S

Front 357

the chromosomes (DNA) of prokaryotic cells

Back 357

are usually single circular chromosome

Front 358

what do prokaryotic cells lack in their chromosomes

Back 358

histones

Front 359

how does cell division occur in prokaryotic cells

Back 359

binary fission

Front 360

sexual recombination in prokaryotic cells

Back 360

does not occur only transfer of DNA

Front 361

size of a Eukaryotic cell

Back 361

10-100um in diameter

Front 362

does a eukaryotic cell contain a nucleus?

Back 362

yes, a true nucleus (nuclear membrane and nucleoli)

Front 363

Are membrane-Enclosed organelles present in eukaryotic cells?

Back 363

Yes, they include (lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and chloroplasts)

Front 364

The Flagella in eukaryotes is

Back 364

complex, consist of multiple microtubules

Front 365

is Glcocalyx present in Eukaryotic cells?

Back 365

yes, but it is only present in cells that lack a cell wall

Front 366

the cell wall of eukaryotic cells is

Back 366

chemically simple includes; cellulose and chitin

Front 367

the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is

Back 367

sterols and carbohydrates that serve as receptors

Front 368

the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells have

Back 368

cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming

Front 369

what size are the ribosomes of a eukaryotic cell and in organelles?

Back 369

80S and (70S in organelles

Front 370

the chromosomes (DNA) of eukaryotic cells are

Back 370

multiple linear chromosomes with histones

Front 371

cell division of eukaryotic cells involves

Back 371

mitosis

Front 372

sexual recombination in eukaryotic cells involves

Back 372

meiosis

Front 373

motility

Back 373

the ability of an organism to move by itself

Front 374

what is found in prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells

Back 374

peptidoglycan

Front 375

how does most bacteria multiply

Back 375

by binary fission

Front 376

what type of bacteria can assume several shapes

Back 376

pleomorphic

Front 377

capsules may protect pathogens from what

Back 377

phagocytosis

Front 378

what does a flagella consist of

Back 378

filament, hook and basal body

Front 379

why would a prokaryotic flagella rotate

Back 379

to push the cell

Front 380

what type of protein is an antigen

Back 380

Flagellar H protein

Front 381

spiral cells that move by means of an axial filament are called

Back 381

spirochetes

Front 382

what is the main difference between axial filaments and flagella

Back 382

axial filaments wrap round the cell

Front 383

what helps the cells adhere to surfaces

Back 383

fimbriae

Front 384

what is simple diffusion

Back 384

movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 385

what is facilitated diffusion

Back 385

proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane

Front 386

osmosis

Back 386

movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration solvent molecules

Front 387

osmotic pressure

Back 387

the pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes

Front 388

isotonic solution

Back 388

a medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside the cell

Front 389

hypotonic sol

Back 389

concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell

Front 390

what can happen if the cell wall is weak and it takes in water?

Back 390

it can burst or indergo osmoticlysis

Front 391

what is a hypertonic sol

Back 391

when its higher concentration outside the cell than inside

Front 392

what do the terms isotonic, hyper and hypotonic describe

Back 392

the concentration of solutions outside the cell relative to the concentration inside the cell

Front 393

active transport

Back 393

the uses of energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane

Front 394

once a substance is altered and inside the cell what happens to the plasma membrane

Back 394

it becomes impermeable to it

Front 395

what is the cytoplasm

Back 395

substance in side the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cel

Front 396

nucleoid

Back 396

contains a single long, continuous and frequently circularly arranged thread of double stranded DNA

Front 397

plasmids are

Back 397

circular extrachromosomal double-stranded DNA molecules

Front 398

plasmids may be gained or lost without

Back 398

hurting the cell

Front 399

what does the cytoplasm consist of

Back 399

mostly water, organic and inorganic molecules, DNA ribosomes and inclusion

Front 400

the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells contain numerous

Back 400

70s ribosomes (rRNA and protein)

Front 401

where does protein synthesis occur

Back 401

at ribosomes

Front 402

how can ribosomes be inhibited

Back 402

by certain antibiotics

Front 403

what are inclusions

Back 403

reserve deposits in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Front 404

what are endospores

Back 404

resting places for some bacteria

Front 405

what is the shape of flagella and where are they found

Back 405

they are few and long found in eukaryotic celsl

Front 406

describe cilia

Back 406

they are numerous and short

Front 407

flagella and cilia are used for

Back 407

motility

Front 408

cilia move

Back 408

substances along the surface of cells

Front 409

what is the arrangement of flagella and cilia

Back 409

nine pairs and two single microtubules

Front 410

what does the cell walls of many algae and fungi contain

Back 410

cellulose

Front 411

what is the main material of fungal cell walls

Back 411

chitin

Front 412

what are animal cells surrounded by

Back 412

glycocalyx

Front 413

what does glcocalyx do

Back 413

strengthen the cell and provide means of attachment to other cells

Front 414

the eukaryotic plasma membrane is a

Back 414

phospholipid bilayer containing proteins

Front 415

how can eukaryotic cells move materials across the plasma membrane

Back 415

by the passive processes used by prokaryotes and by active transport and endocytosis

Front 416

the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells includes

Back 416

everything inside the plasma membrane external to the nucleus

Front 417

the 80s ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells are attached to

Back 417

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 418

what is the most characteristic eukaryotic organelle

Back 418

the nucleus which contains DNA in the form of chromosomes

Front 419

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

Back 419

what the nuclear envelope is connected to in the cytoplasm

Front 420

the ER provides

Back 420

surface of chemical reactions and serves as a transport network

Front 421

what occurs on the rough ER

Back 421

protein synthesis and transport

Front 422

what is the function of the Golgi complex

Back 422

to help with membrane formation and protein secretion

Front 423

how are lysosomes formed

Back 423

from Golgi complexes

Front 424

what do lysosomes store

Back 424

digestive enzymes

Front 425

what is the primary site of ATP production

Back 425

mitochondria

Front 426

what does the mitrochondria contain

Back 426

70S ribosomes and DNA

Front 427

what do chloroplast contain

Back 427

chlorophyll and enzymes for photosynthesis

Front 428

what is the endosymbotic therory

Back 428

the belief that eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotic cells

Front 429

this is an example of

Back 429

//dp11i9uvzjqmt.cloudfront.net/2/images/upload-flashcards/57/50/90/2575090_m.jpg Diplococci

Front 430

this is an example of

Back 430

//dp11i9uvzjqmt.cloudfront.net/2/images/upload-flashcards/57/51/74/2575174_m.jpg coccobacillus bacteria

Front 431

this is an example of

Back 431

//dp11i9uvzjqmt.cloudfront.net/2/images/upload-flashcards/57/51/77/2575177_m.jpg diplobacilli bacteria

Front 432

this is an example of

Back 432

//dp11i9uvzjqmt.cloudfront.net/2/images/upload-flashcards/57/51/80/2575180_m.jpg sarcinae bacteria

Front 433

This is an example of

Back 433

//dp11i9uvzjqmt.cloudfront.net/2/images/upload-flashcards/59/01/68/2590168_m.jpg staphylococci bacteria

Front 434

This is an example of

Back 434

//dp11i9uvzjqmt.cloudfront.net/2/images/upload-flashcards/59/01/71/2590171_m.jpg single bacillus bacteria

Front 435

This is an example of

Back 435

//dp11i9uvzjqmt.cloudfront.net/2/images/upload-flashcards/59/01/77/2590177_m.jpg diplobacilli bacteria

Front 436

This is an example of

Back 436

//dp11i9uvzjqmt.cloudfront.net/2/images/upload-flashcards/59/01/83/2590183_m.jpg streptobacilli bacteria

Front 437

This is an example of

Back 437

//dp11i9uvzjqmt.cloudfront.net/2/images/upload-flashcards/59/01/86/2590186_m.jpg coccibacillus bacteria

Front 438

cytoplasm refers to

Back 438

the substance inside the cell

Front 439

what are the major structures in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes

Back 439

a nucleoid (containing DNA), ribosomes, and reserve deposits called inclusions

Front 440

what does the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells lack

Back 440

cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming

Front 441

the nucleoid of a bacterial cell is attached to what

Back 441

the plasma membrane

Front 442

what is a plasmid and where is it located

Back 442

plasmid is small circular double stranded DNA molecules. Located in the nucleoid

Front 443

why are plasmids important

Back 443

because they may carry genes for such activities as antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, the production of toxins and the synthesis of enzymes

Front 444

ribosomes are found in

Back 444

both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Front 445

ribosomes function as

Back 445

the site of protein synthesis

Front 446

the letter S in ribosomes refers to

Back 446

Svedberg units, which indicate the relative rate of sedimentation during ultra high speed centrifugation

Front 447

what is an organelle

Back 447

structures with specific shapes and specialized functions and are characteristic of eukaryotic cells

Front 448

what does a organelle include

Back 448

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes and centrosomes

Front 449

what contains almost all of the cells hereditary info

Back 449

nucleus

Front 450

what is the nucleus surround by

Back 450

a double membrane called the nuclear envelope

Front 451

what do nuclear pores allow

Back 451

the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm

Front 452

what controls the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Back 452

nuclear pores

Front 453

what is nucleoli aka nucleolus

Back 453

nucleoli are condensed regions of chromosomes where ribosomal RNA is being synthesized

Front 454

what is an essential component of ribosomes

Back 454

ribosomal RNA

Front 455

the nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains what main protein

Back 455

histones

Front 456

chromatin is

Back 456

threadlike mass of DNA

Front 457

when do chromatin turn into chromosomes

Back 457

during nuclear division

Front 458

to segregate chromosomes prior to cell division what elaborate mechanisms are required in eukaryotic cells

Back 458

mitosis and meiosis

Front 459

what is in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Back 459

endoplasmic reticulum or ER

Front 460

what is the function of smooth ER

Back 460

to sythesisize phosopholipids, fats and steroids

Front 461

where is the first place that proteins go after they are synthesized?

Back 461

Golgi complex

Front 462

what does the Golgi complex consist of

Back 462

3 to 20 cisternae. give Golgi cuplike shape

Front 463

what is a transport vesicle

Back 463

ribosomes of the rough ER that fuse with a portion of the ER membrane

Front 464

how do the proteins move from one cistern to another

Back 464

by transfer vesicles

Front 465

when enzymes in the cisternae modify proteins, what do they form

Back 465

glycoproteins, glycolipids and lipoproteins

Front 466

how do proteins leave the cistern

Back 466

by secretory vesicles or storage vesicles like (lysosomes)

Front 467

what are lysosomes formed from

Back 467

Golgi complexes

Front 468

what do lysosomes contain

Back 468

40 different kinds of powerful digestive enzymes

Front 469

what is a vacuole

Back 469

a space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell

Front 470

what doe some vacuoles serve as

Back 470

a temporary storage organelle for substances such as proteins, sugars, organic acids and inorganic ions

Front 471

other vacuoles from endocytosis

Back 471

help bring food into the cell

Front 472

mitochondria

Back 472

spherical or rod shaped organelle that appear throughout the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells

Front 473

the mitochondria consist of

Back 473

a double membrane, cristae (inner, series of folds), matrix (center of mitochondria

Front 474

chloroplasts

Back 474

membrane enclosed structure that contains both the pigment chlorophyll and enzymes required for light-gathering phases of photosynthesis

Front 475

where is the chlorophyll in chloroplasts contained

Back 475

in thylakoids(flattened membrane sacs)

Front 476

what do chloroplasts contain

Back 476

70S ribosomes, DNA and enzymes

Front 477

perioxisomes

Back 477

similar to the structure of lysosomes, but smaller

Front 478

what happens in peroxisome

Back 478

AA and fatty acids are oxidized

Front 479

what do the enzymes in peroxisomes do such as the enzyme catalase

Back 479

oxidize toxic substance such as alcohol. Or decompose toxic compounds like carbon dioxide

Front 480

what is the centrosome

Back 480

located in the nucleus contains: pericentriolar area and centrioles

Front 481

within the pericentriolar material is a pair of cylindrical structure called

Back 481

centriole

Front 482

what is the endosymbiotic theory

Back 482

explains the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes. That larger bacterial cells lost their cells walls and engulfed smaller bacterial cells

Front 483

biosynthetic-secretory pathway

Back 483

The process used by eucaryotic cells to synthesize proteins and lipids, followed by secretion or delivery to organelles or the plasma membrane; involves the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles.

Front 484

cilia

Back 484

Threadlike appendages extending from the surface of someprotists that beat rhythmically to propel them; cilia are membrane-bound cylinders with a complex internal array of microtubules, usually 9+2 pattern.

Front 485

cristae

Back 485

infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 486

cytoskeleton

Back 486

A network of microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and other components in the cytoplasm of eucaryotic cells that helps give them shape, functions during cell division, and helps move materials in the cytoplasm.

Front 487

endocytosis

Back 487

The process in which a cell takes up solutes or particles by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from its plasma membrane

Front 488

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 488

A system of membranous tubules and flattened sacs (cisternae) in the cytoplasm of eucaryotic cells; rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) bears ribosomes on its surface; smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes

Front 489

Flagellum

Back 489

A thin, threadlike appendage on many procaryotic and eucaryotic cells that is responsible for their motility.

Front 490

Golgo apparatus

Back 490

A membranous eucaryotic organelle composed of stacks of flattened sacs (cisternae), which is involved in packaging and modifying materials for secretion and many other processes.

Front 491

Lysosome

Back 491

A spherical membranous eucaryotic organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes and is responsible for the intracellular digestion of substances.

Front 492

Microfilaments

Back 492

Protein filaments, about 4 to 7 nm in diameter, that are present in the cytoplasm of eucaryotic cells and play a role in cell structure and motion.

Front 493

Mitochondrion

Back 493

The eucaryotic organelle that is the site of cellular respiration; it provides most of a nonphotosynthetic cell's energy under aerobic conditions.

Front 494

Nuclear envelope

Back 494

The complex double-membrane structure forming the outer boundary of the nucleus.

Front 495

Nucleolus

Back 495

Anorganelle located within the nucleus and not bounded by a membrane; it is the location of fibosomal RNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits.

Front 496

Nucleus

Back 496

The eucaryotic organelle enclosed by a double-membrane envelope that contains the cell's chromosomes.

Front 497

Organelle

Back 497

A structure within or on a cell that performs specific functions and is related to the cell in a way similar to that of an organ to the body.

Front 498

Phagocytosis

Back 498

The endocytotic process in which a cell encloses large particles in a membrane-delimited phagocytic vacuole (phagosome) and engulfs them.

Front 499

Thylakoid

Back 499

A flattened sac in the chloroplast stroma that contains photosynthetic pigments and the proteins and other molecules that convert light energy into ATP

Front 500

Optimum temperature between -5 and 15 C.

Back 500

Psychrophile

Front 501

Optimum temperature between 20-30 C.

Back 501

Psychrotroph

Front 502

Optimum temperature between 25-45 C.

Back 502

Mesophile

Front 503

Optimum temperature between 45-70 C.

Back 503

Thermophile

Front 504

Optimum temperature of 70 C or greater.

Back 504

Hyperthermophile

Front 505

Requires O2

Back 505

Obligate Aerobe

Front 506

Cannot multiply in the presence of O2

Back 506

Obligate Anaerobe

Front 507

Grows best if O2 is present but can grow without it.

Back 507

Facultative Anaerobe

Front 508

Requires small amounts of O2 but higher concentrations are inhibitory.

Back 508

Microaeophile

Front 509

Indifferent to O2

Back 509

Aerotolerant Anaerobe (Obligate Fermenter)

Front 510

Multiplies at range of pH 5-8

Back 510

Neutrophile

Front 511

Multiplies at pH below 5.5

Back 511

Acidophile

Front 512

Multiplies at pH above 8.5

Back 512

Alkalophile

Front 513

Can grow in relatively high salt concentrations up to 10% NaCl

Back 513

Halotolerant

Front 514

Requires high levels of sodium chloride

Back 514

Halophile

Front 515

Bacteria can be maintained in a state of continuous exponential growth using a ____.

Back 515

Chemostat

Front 516

Temperature at which an organism multiplies most rapidly

Back 516

Optimum growth temperature

Front 517

Usually found in environments such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions and in lakes fed by glaciers

Back 517

Psychrophiles

Front 518

These are an important cause of food spoilage

Back 518

Psychotrophs

Front 519

These include disease causing bacteria

Back 519

Mesophiles

Front 520

Commonly occur in hot springs, water heaters and compost heaps

Back 520

Thermophiles

Front 521

These are usually Archae. Some have been found in deap sea hydrothermal vents

Back 521

Hyperthermophiles

Front 522

The O2 requirements of some organisms can be determined by making a ____.

Back 522

Shake Tube

Front 523

Micrococcus species are ___.

Back 523

Obligate Aerobes

Front 524

Include Clostridium botulinum and members of the Genus Bacteroides (major inhabitants of the large intestines).

Back 524

Obligate Anaerobes

Front 525

E. coli is a ____.

Back 525

Facultative Anaerobe

Front 526

Helicobacter pylori is a ____.

Back 526

Microaerophile

Front 527

Streptococcus pyogenes is a ____.

Back 527

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

Front 528

Superoxide

Back 528

O2-

Front 529

Hydrogen Peroxide

Back 529

H2O2

Front 530

Superoxide Dismutase degrades ____ to produce ____.

Back 530

Superoxide, Hydrogen Peroxide

Front 531

Catalase breaks down ____ to ____ and ____.

Back 531

Hydrogen peroxide to O2 and H2O.

Front 532

When the cytoplasm dehydrates and shrinks from the cell wall, this is called ____.

Back 532

Plasmolysis

Front 533

The major elements include

Back 533

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Iron,

Front 534

Prokaryotes that use organic carbon (such as glucose) are called ____.

Back 534

Heterotrophs

Front 535

Prokaryotes that use inorganic carbon (CO2) are called ____.

Back 535

Autotrophs

Front 536

____ can convert inorganic carbon to organic carbon (carbon fixation).

Back 536

Autotrophs

Front 537

Some prokaryotes can perform nitrogen fixation, where ____ is converted to ____.

Back 537

N2, ammonia

Front 538

____ and ____ are limiting nutrients.

Back 538

Phosphorus and Iron

Front 539

Trace Elements include:

Back 539

Manganese, Molybdenum, Cobalt, Zinc, and Copper.

Front 540

Bacteria that require many growth factors are called ____.

Back 540

Fastidious

Front 541

Low molecular weight compounds that are required by a particular bacterium are called ____.

Back 541

Growth Factors

Front 542

Organisms that harvest the energy of the sunlight

Back 542

Phototrophs

Front 543

Organisms that obtain energy by oxidizing chemical compounds

Back 543

Chemotrophs

Front 544

Use the energy of the sunlight and CO2 in the atmosphere to make organic compounds.

Back 544

Photoautotrophs

Front 545

Photoautotrophs are also called ____.

Back 545

Primary Producers

Front 546

Cyanobacteria are ____.

Back 546

Photoautotrophs

Front 547

These use CO2 as their carbon source and inorganic compounds for energy. They often live in inhospitable climates.

Back 547

Chemolithotrophs/Chemoautotrophs

Front 548

Use the energy of the sunlight to derive their carbon from organic compounds

Back 548

Photoheterotrophs

Front 549

Use organic compounds for energy and as a carbon source.

Back 549

Chemoheterotroph/Chemoorganoheterotroph

Front 550

Mixture of short peptides and amino acids, made from digesting protein. Common ingredient of medium.

Back 550

Peptone

Front 551

Nutrient Broth consists of ____ and ____.

Back 551

Peptone and Beef Extract

Front 552

Media that contains red blood cells.

Back 552

Blood Agar

Front 553

Contains lysed red blood cells and other ingredients

Back 553

Chocolate Agar

Front 554

Composed of precise amounts of pure chemicals

Back 554

Chemically Defined Media

Front 555

Inhibit the growth of organisms other than the one which is being sought.

Back 555

Selective Media

Front 556

____ is used to isolate Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Back 556

Thayer-martin Agar

Front 557

____ is used to isolate Gram-Negative Rods from clinical specimens such as urine.

Back 557

MacConkey Agar

Front 558

Contain a substance that certain bacteria change in a recognizable way.

Back 558

Differential Media

Front 559

Provide conditions in a broth that preferentially enhance the growth of one particular species in a cuture. Useful for isolating a specimen that is outnumbered greatly by another in the mixture

Back 559

Enrichment Culure

Front 560

The number of cells in a measured volume of liquid is counted using special glass slides.

Back 560

Direct Microscopic Count

Front 561

Electronic Instrument that counts cells in a suspension as they pass single file through a minute aperture.

Back 561

Coulter Counter

Front 562

Measures the scattering of light cells as they pass by a laser. Can be used to count either total cells or a specific popluation.

Back 562

Flow Cytometer

Front 563

Used to quantify the number of cells capable of multiplying.

Back 563

Viable Cell Counts

Front 564

Measure the number of viable cells in a sample by exploiting the fact that on an agar plate, one cell gives rise to one colony

Back 564

Plate Count

Front 565

A dilution is poured into a petri dish, spread, and then swirled. When the agar hardens, the individual cells are fixed in place, and the colonies can be counted.

Back 565

Pour Plate Method

Front 566

A dilute sample is spread over a plate and incubated.

Back 566

Spread Plate Method

Front 567

Method used when the number of organisms in a sample is relatively low, such as in pond water.

Back 567

Membrane Filtration

Front 568

Method of determining cells based on serial dilutions

Back 568

MPN (Most Probable Number) Method

Front 569

A ____ is used to measure turbidity.

Back 569

Spectrophotometer

Front 570

Cloudiness

Back 570

Turbidity

Front 571

Caused by the scattering of light passing through cells in a sample.

Back 571

Turbidity

Front 572

The equation used to calculate the total number of cells which will grow in a given amount of time is:

Back 572

Nt=N0 x 2^n, where n is the number of divisions, N0 is the original number of cells and Nt is the total number of cells produced in that time.

Front 573

Increase of number of cells in a population

Back 573

Microbial Growth

Front 574

The Generation time is:

Back 574

The amount of time it takes for the number of cells to double.

Front 575

Prokaryote comes from the Greek words meaning...

Back 575

Prenucleus

Front 576

Eukaryote comes from the Greek words meaning...

Back 576

True nucleus

Front 577

Name some distinguishing traits for prokaryotes.

Back 577

There are 6 main ones listed in the chapter: One circular chromosome, not in a membrane, no histones, no organelles, peptidoglycan cell walls if bacteria, pseudomurein cell walls if Archaea, and binary fission

Front 578

Name some distinguishing traits for eukaryotes.

Back 578

There are 5 listed in the chapter, they are: paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane, histones, organelles, polysaccharide cell walls, and a mitotic spindle.

Front 579

What is the main feature that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

Back 579

The nucleus.

Front 580

What are the three basic types of bacteria?

Back 580

Baccillus (rod-shaped), Coccus (spherical), and Spiral (spirillum, vibro, spirochete).

Front 581

What are the arrangements of bacteria?

Back 581

Pairs: Diplo- Ex. Diplococci
Clusters: Staph- Ex. Staphylococci
Chains: Strept- Ex. Streptococci

Front 582

How would you identify streptococci under a microscope?

Back 582

They would be circular shaped bacteria in a chain.

Front 583

Describe the structure and function of glycocalyx.

Back 583

An outside cell wall, usually sticky. If referred to as a capsule it is neatly organized. If referred to as a slime layer it is unorganized and loose.

Front 584

What is EPS?

Back 584

Extracellular polysaccharide, a substance that allows a cell to attach to environment.

Front 585

What do capsules prevent?

Back 585

Phagocytosis.

Front 586

What is a flagella?

Back 586

A flagella is a long tail like structure made up of chains of flagellin, attached to a protein hook, anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body, and can be in different positions.

Front 587

How do cells with flagella move?

Back 587

Rotate the flagella to run, swim or tumble. Also can swarm if there are many flagella. They move toward or away stimuli called taxis which can be phototaxis or chemotaxis.

Front 588

What are axial filaments?

Back 588

Also called endoflagella, are in spirochetes, anchored at one end of a cell, are structurally similar to flagellum, and rotate to cause cell movement.

Front 589

What are fimbriae?

Back 589

The are hair like appendages, allow attachment, adherence and biofilm.

Front 590

What are pili?

Back 590

They facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another, have gliding and twitching motility, and number one or two per cell.

Front 591

Why are bacterial capsules medically important?

Back 591

They are usually more chemically resistant and therefore can be harder to kill using antibiotics.

Front 592

How do bacteria move?

Back 592

They move using flagella, fimbriae, and pili.

Front 593

What is the cell wall made up of in bacteria?

Back 593

Peptidoglycan.

Front 594

What is peptidoglycan?

Back 594

A polymer of disaccharide: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).

Front 595

What are some details about a gram positive bacteria's cell wall?

Back 595

Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, may regulate movement of cations, polysaccharides provide antigenic variation, 2-ring basal body, disrupted by lysozme, and is penicillin sensitive.

Front 596

What are some details about a gram negative bacteria's cell wall?

Back 596

Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, periplasmic space, 4-ring basal body, endotoxin, and tetracycline sensative

Front 597

What are some details about acid-fast bacteria's cell walls?

Back 597

They are like gram positive, waxy lipi (mycolic acid) is bound to peptidoglycan.

Front 598

What are some details about mycoplasma's cell walls?

Back 598

They lack cell walls! They have sterols in plasma membrane.

Front 599

What are some details about archaea cell walls?

Back 599

No cell walls, or walls of pseudomurein which lack NAM and D-amino acids.

Front 600

What does lysozyme do to a cell wall?

Back 600

Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidogylcan

Front 601

What is a protoplast?

Back 601

A wall-less cell.

Front 602

What is a spheroplast?

Back 602

A wall-less gram-positive cell.

Front 603

What are protoplasts and spheroplasts susceptible to?

Back 603

Osmotic lysis.

Front 604

What are L forms?

Back 604

Wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes.

Front 605

Why are drugs that target cell wall synthesis useful?

Back 605

They are useful because animal cells do not contain cell walls and therefore won't be damaged by the cell-wall destroying drug.

Front 606

Why are mycoplasmas resistant to antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis?

Back 606

They have no cell walls.

Front 607

How do protoplasts differ from L forms?

Back 607

L forms swell into irregular shapes while protoplasts just don't have a cell wall.

Front 608

What is the structural components of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Back 608

Phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, transmembrane, and proteins.

Front 609

What are the chemical components of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Back 609

It is selectively permeable, there are enzymes for ATP production, and there are photosynthetic pigments on folding called chromatophores or thylakoids.

Front 610

What are the functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Back 610

Simple and facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transportation and group translocation.

Front 611

What is simple diffusion?

Back 611

Movement of a solute from high concentration to low concentration.

Front 612

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 612

When solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

Front 613

What is osmosis?

Back 613

Osmosis if the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an are of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Front 614

What is osmotic pressure?

Back 614

The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.

Front 615

How does water move across membranes?

Back 615

They move across either by going directly through the lipid layer or through an aquaporin.

Front 616

What is active transport?

Back 616

Movement across a membrane that required a transporter protein and ATP

Front 617

What is group translocation?

Back 617

Movement across a membrane that requites a transporter protein and PEP.

Front 618

What agents can cause injury to the bacterial plasma membrane?

Back 618

Antimicrobial agents called polymyxins cause leakage of intracellular contents and subsequent cell death, also alcohols and quaternary ammonium compounds are harmful to the bacterial plasma membrane.

Front 619

What is cytoplasm?

Back 619

The substance inside the plasma membrane.

Front 620

What is the nucleoid?

Back 620

The nucleoid is the bacterial chromosome.

Front 621

The prokaryotic ribosome is.....

Back 621

used for protein synthesis and is 70s (containing 50s and 30s subunits)

Front 622

What are endospores?

Back 622

They are resting cells, are resistant to desiccation, heat and chemicals. Bacillus and Clostridium are two genera with endospores

Front 623

What are the functions of inclusions?

Back 623

Metachromatic granules (volutin) = phosphate reserves.
Polysaccharide granules = energy reserves
Lipid inclusions = energy reserves.

Front 624

What is sporulation?

Back 624

Endospore formation.

Front 625

What is germination?

Back 625

A return to vegetative state.

Front 626

Where is the DNA located in the eukaryotic cell?

Back 626

The DNA is located in the nucleus.

Front 627

What is the difference of prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?

Back 627

A prokaryotic flagellum rotates, while a eukaryotic flagellum moves like a wave.

Front 628

What is the eukaryotic glycocalyxe?

Back 628

They are carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane, and are bonded to proteins and lipids in membranes.

Front 629

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls?

Back 629

Eukaryotic cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, Instead they contain cellulose, chitin, glucan, or mannan.

Front 630

What is the difference between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Back 630

They are very similar except eukaryotic plasma membrane also contains sterols. Group translocation does not occur in eukaryotic cells. However, they can use endocytosis.

Front 631

What is the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasm?

Back 631

The major difference is that eukaryotic cytoplasm contains a complex internal structure, consisting of exceedingly small rods (microfilaments and intermediate filaments) and cylinders (microtubules). Together forming the cytoskeleton.

Front 632

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

Back 632

The movement of cytoplasm throughout cells.

Front 633

What is the structure and function of the eukaryotic ribosome?

Back 633

It is responsible for protein synthesis, it is 80s in membrane bound (attached to ER) and free in cytoplasm, it is 70s in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Front 634

The antibiotic erythromycin binds with the 50s portion of a ribosome. What effect does that have on a prokaryotic cell? What about a eukaryotic cell?

Back 634

A prokaryotic cell would stop producing proteins completely whilst a eukaryotic cell's mitochondria or chlorloplasts would be the only thing effected.

Front 635

Define organelle.

Back 635

Organelles are structure with specific shapes and specialized functions and are characteristic of eukaryotic cells.

Front 636

What is function of the nucleus?

Back 636

The nucleus contains DNA in the form of chromosomes.

Front 637

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Back 637

It is the transport network of the cell.

Front 638

What is the Golgi complex?

Back 638

It functions as membrane formation and secretion.

Front 639

What is the lysosome?

Back 639

Lysosome contains digestive enzymes.

Front 640

What is a vacuole?

Back 640

A vacuole brings food into cells and provides support.

Front 641

What is the mitochondrion responsible for?

Back 641

Cellular respiration.

Front 642

What does the chloroplast do?

Back 642

Photosynthesis.

Front 643

What does peroxisome do?

Back 643

Oxidation of fatty acids, destroys H2O2

Front 644

What is a centrosome?

Back 644

Consists of protein fibers and centrioles.

Front 645

What is the difference between the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and the nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell?

Back 645

The nucleus in membrane bound and contains chromosomes. The nucleoid is not membrane bound and floats freely.

Front 646

How does the rough and smooth ER compare structurally?

Back 646

Structurally, the rough and smooth ER are different in that the rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is continuous with the nuclear membrane. The smooth ER extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules.

Front 647

How does the rough and smooth ER compare functionally?

Back 647

Proteins are synthesized on the rough ER enter cisterns within the ER for processing and sorting. The smooth ER does not synthesize proteins but it does synthesize phospholipids, fats, and steroids such as estrogens and testosterone.

Front 648

Which three organelles are not associated with the Golgi complex? What does this suggest about their orgin?

Back 648

The nucleolus, mitochondria, and the centrioles are all not associated with the golgi complex. It is theorized in the endosymbiotic theory that these were ancient bacteria that were engulfed by another ancient cell.

Front 649

Name the 4 shapes of Cell mophology?

Back 649

Cocci:- Round or spheres
Bacillus:- Rods
Spirillum:- Spiral/wavy
Spirochele:- Corkscrew

Front 650

The shape of cell morphology is maintained by what?

Back 650

Peptidoglycan cell wall

Front 651

Cell is covered by what?

Back 651

Cell or plasma membrane
Cell wall

Front 652

What is cell wall composed of?

Back 652

Peptidoglycan
Outer membrane in some bacteria

Front 653

Name the stuctures inside the cell covering?

Back 653

Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Nucleoid region, Plasmid, Mesosomes, Cesicle or inclusions.

Front 654

What is the functions of ribosome?

Back 654

IT is the site for protein synthesis.

Front 655

What are the 70s ribosomes composed of?

Back 655

30s and 50s subunits.

Front 656

What does the "S" in "30s,50s,70s ribosomes" stand for?

Back 656

The "S" stands for sedimentation coefficient or Svediberg Unit.

Front 657

What is the functions of Nucleoid regions?

Back 657

It is the area containing the bacteria chromosome.

Front 658

What is bacteria chromosome?

Back 658

IT is a circular DNA containing most genes for the bacteria structure and function.

Front 659

What is Plasmid?

Back 659

It is a small circular extrachromosomal DNA capable of independent replications & carries gene for resistance & or fertility.

Front 660

What are the 2 types of Plasmid?

Back 660

R-plasmid/ F-Plasmid

Front 661

What is the funtions of R-plasmid?

Back 661

It carries gene for resistance against chemicals & drugs.

Front 662

What are the functions of F-plasmid?

Back 662

It contain genes that enhance fertility & gen transfer in conjugation or suxductions. (passing information from one DNA to another.

Front 663

What does F-Plasmid encode?

Back 663

Pili:-a bridge used to transfer DNA from F+ to F-.

Front 664

Macroelements

Back 664

macronutrients required by microorganisms in relatively large amounts (95%) (C, H, O, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe)

Front 665

Trace elements

Back 665

micronutrients are required in trace amounts by most cells (supplied in water) (Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu)

Front 666

Carbon Source: Autotrophs

Back 666

Autotrophs use CO2 as their sole or principal carbon source

Front 667

Carbon Source: Heterotrophs

Back 667

Heterotrophs use reduced, preformed organic molecules (usually from other organisms) as carbon sources

Front 668

Energy: Photo-trophs

Back 668

Photo-trophs use light as their energy source.

Front 669

Energy: Chemo-trophs

Back 669

Chemo-trophs obtain energy from the oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds (Chemo-Organo-trophs or Chemo-Lithot-trophs)

Front 670

Electrons: Litho-trophs

Back 670

Litho-trophs use reduced inorganic compounds as their electron source

Front 671

Electrons: Organo-trophs

Back 671

Organo-trophs use reduced organic compounds as their electron source

Front 672

All pathogenic bacteria are

Back 672

Chemo organo trophic heterotrophs

Front 673

Organisms that combine autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolic processes, from on inorganic energy sources and organic carbon sources

Back 673

mixotrophic organisms

Front 674

Nitrogen is needed for

Back 674

- synthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and other molecules

Front 675

How Nitrogen can be supply (3)?

Back 675

1. by organic molecules 2. by assimilatory nitrate reduction 3. or by nitrogen fixation

Front 676

Where Phosphorus is present ?

Back 676

Phosphorus is present in nucleic acids, phospholipids, nucleotides and other molecules;

Front 677

How microorganism meet their Phosphorus needs?

Back 677

using inorganic phosphate

Front 678

Where Sulfur is needed?

Back 678

Sulfur is needed for the synthesis of certain amino acids and other molecules;

Front 679

How microorganism meet their sulfur needs?

Back 679

by assimilatory sulfate reduction

Front 680

Explain Passive diffusion (3 ideas)

Back 680

1.Molecules move from high_conc to low_conc 2. Large conc. gradient for signif. levels of uptake 3.Limited to only a small molecules (glycerol, H2O, O2, and CO2)

Front 681

Facilitated diffusion

Back 681

involves a carrier molecule (permease) to increase rate diffusion, facilitated by integral proteins, from high_conc to low_conc, but smaller gradient.

Front 682

What limited the transport in Facilitated diffusion?

Back 682

the number of carrier proteins-> Saturated Effect

Front 683

Facilitated diffusion is important in: Eucaryotes cells or Procaryotes celss

Back 683

Eucaryotes cells

Front 684

Active transport

Back 684

Metabolic energy is used to move molecules to cell interior against the concentration gradient. Observed in bacteria, archaea and eucaryotes.

Front 685

Group translocation

Back 685

A process in which molecules are modified (chemically altered) as they are transported across the membrane.

Front 686

Example of Group translocation

Back 686

phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS).

Front 687

Why iron?

Back 687

iron is useful in cytochromes and many enzymes

Front 688

Iron uptake

Back 688

the organism secretes Siderophores that complex with the very insoluble ferric ion (Fe3+), which is then transported into the cell

Front 689

Fe3+, soluble or not?

Back 689

It is Insoluble, so small amounts of iron are available. Bacteria and fungi handle this problem by the development of siderophores able to complex with ferric

Front 690

Culture Media

Back 690

Solid or liquid preparation used to grow, transport, and store microorganisms

Front 691

Culture Media: Synthetic media

Back 691

defined media in which all components and their concentrations are known

Front 692

Culture Media: Complex media

Back 692

media that contain some ingredients of unknown composition and/or concentration (amino acids, vitamins, growth factors, and other nutrients)

Front 693

General purpose media

Back 693

It will support the growth of many microorganisms

Front 694

Enriched media

Back 694

They are supplemented by blood or other special nutrients to encourage the growth of fastidious heterotrophs

Front 695

Selective media

Back 695

It favors the growth of particular microorganisms and inhibit the growth of others

Front 696

Differential media

Back 696

Distinguish between different groups of bacteria on the basis of their biological characteristics: Nutrient broth, Tryptic soy broth, Macconkey Agar.

Front 697

collective name for chemical reactions occuring within a cell

Back 697

metabolism

Front 698

metabolic reaction that requires energy

Back 698

anabolic reaction

Front 699

metabolic reaction that is energy releasing

Back 699

catabolic reaction

Front 700

organisms that use organic compounds as their carbon and energy sources

Back 700

chemoorganotrophs

Front 701

organisms that obtain carbon and energy from co2

Back 701

autotrophs

Front 702

chemical tools needed to make monomers

Back 702

nutrients

Front 703

nutrients required in large amounts

Back 703

macronutrients

Front 704

nutrients required in small or trace amounts

Back 704

micronutrients

Front 705

the typical cell is about ___ % carbon

Back 705

50%

Front 706

the major element in all classes of macromolecules

Back 706

carbon

Front 707

next most abundant element in the cell after carbon

Back 707

nitrogen

Front 708

N2 (nitrogen gas) can only be a source for certain bacteria known as

Back 708

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Front 709

ammonia and nitrate are examples of ____ sources which are in inorganic form

Back 709

nitrogen

Front 710

macronutrient required by cell primarily for synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids

Back 710

phosphorus

Front 711

macronutrient required by cell because of structural role in certain amino acids and present in a number of vitamins

Back 711

sulfur

Front 712

macronutrient that originates mostly from inorganic sources such as sulfate or sulfide

Back 712

sulfur

Front 713

macronutrient required by cell to make enzymes, some of which are involved in protein synthesis

Back 713

potassium

Front 714

macronutrient required by cell in order to stabilize ribosomes, cell membranes, and nucleic acids. also required for activity of many enzymes

Back 714

magnesium

Front 715

macronutrient that helps stabilize bacterial cell wall and plays a key role in heat stability of endospores

Back 715

calcium

Front 716

required by some but not all organisms. need often reflects habitat of organism

Back 716

sodium

Front 717

plays major role in cellular respiration, also a key component of the cytochromes and proteins involved in electron transport

Back 717

iron

Front 718

iron-binding agents that solubilize iron and transport it into the cell

Back 718

siderophores

Front 719

structurally complex phenolic siderophores

Back 719

enterobactins

Front 720

without ___, pathogens would be unable to initiate an infection due to iron limitations

Back 720

siderophores and enterobactins (iron binding agents)

Front 721

organic compounds that are required in very small amounts and only by some cells

Back 721

growth factors

Front 722

includes vitamins, amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines; most microorganisms are able to synthesize all of these compounds, but some require them preformed from environment

Back 722

growth factors

Front 723

most commonly needed growth factors; most funtion as coenzymes

Back 723

vitamins

Front 724

nutrient solutions used to grow microorganisms in the laboratory

Back 724

culture media

Front 725

culture media where exact contents are known

Back 725

defined media

Front 726

culture media where exact contents are unknown (rotting meat/yeast could be used)

Back 726

undefined (complex media)

Front 727

a culture containing only a single kind of microorganism

Back 727

pure culture

Front 728

unwanted organisms within a culture

Back 728

contaminants

Front 729

the ability to do work; measured in units of kilojoules (kJ)

Back 729

energy

Front 730

energy released that is available to do useful work

Back 730

free energy

Front 731

pH 7, 25 degrees C, all reactants and products @ 1 M initial concentration

Back 731

standard conditions

Front 732

when G is negative, reaction proceeds w/ ___ of free energy; such reactions are ___

Back 732

release; exergonic

Front 733

when G is positive, the reaction ____ energy; such reactions are ____

Back 733

require; endergonic

Front 734

amount of energy required to bring all molecules in a chemical reaction to the reactive state

Back 734

activation energy

Front 735

substance that lowers activation energy

Back 735

catalyst

Front 736

catalysts of biological reactions are proteins called

Back 736

enzymes

Front 737

in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the enzyme temporarily combines w/ the reactant which is termed a ___; this forms a _______

Back 737

substrate; enzyme-substrate complex

Front 738

the enzyme is generally much ____ than the substrate

Back 738

larger

Front 739

small portion of enzyme to which substrates bind

Back 739

active site

Front 740

Active Transport

Back 740

The transport of solute molecules across a membrane against an electrochemical gradient; it requires a carrier protein and the input of energy (ATP)

Front 741

Agar

Back 741

A complex sulfated polysaccharide, usually from red algae, that is used as a solidifying agent in the preparation of a culture media

Front 742

Antiport

Back 742

Linked transport in which the transported substances move in oppostie directions

Front 743

Growth Factors

Back 743

Organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet for growth because they are essential cell components or precursors of such components and can't be synthesized

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Autotrophs

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An organism that uses CO2 as its sole or principal source of carbon

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Heterotrophs

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An organism that uses reduced, preformed organic molecules as its principal carbon

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Chemolithotrophic Autotrophs (Chemolithoautotrophs)

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Microorganisms that oxidized reduced inorganic compounds to derive both energy and electrons; CO2 is their carbon source

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Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs (Chemoheterotrophs)

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Organisms that use organic compounds as sources of energy, hydrogen, electrons, and carbon for biosynthesis

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Chemotrophs

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Organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of chemical compounds

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Colony

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An assemblage of microorganisms growing on a solid surface such as the surface of an agar culture medium; the assmeblage often is directly visible, but also may be seen only microscopically

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Complex Medium

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Culture medium that contains some ingredients of unknown chemical composition

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Defined Medium (Synthetic Medium)

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Culture medium made with components of known composition

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Differential Media

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Culture media that distinguish between groups of microorganims based on differences in their growth and metabolic products

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Facilitated Diffusion

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Diffusion across the plasma membrane that is aided by a carrier

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Group Translocation

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A transport process in which a molecule is moved across a membrane by carrier proteins while being chemically altered at the same time

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Lithotroph

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An organism that uses reduced inorganic compounds as its electron source

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Macroelements

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Nutrients required by microorganisms in relatively large amounts (C, O, H, N, S, and P)

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Micronutrients

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Nutrients such as zinc, manganese, and copper that are required in very small quantities for growth and reproduction (AKA: Trace Elements)

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Mixotrophic

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Refers to microorganisms that combine autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolic processes (they use inorganic electron sources and organic carbon sources)

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Nutrient

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A substance that supports growth and reproduction

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Organotrophs

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Organisms that use reduced organic compounds as their electron source

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Passive Diffusion

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The prosses in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration as a result of random thermal agitation

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Peptones

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Water-soluble digests or hydrolysates of proteins that are used in the preparation of culture media

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Permease

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A membrane-bound carrier protein or a system of two or more proteins that transport a substance across the membrane

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Pour Plate

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A petri dish of solid culture medium with isolated microbial colonies growing both on its surface and within the medium

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Phophoenolpyruvate: Sugar Phosphotransferase system (PTS)

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The best-known group translocation system; it transports a variety of sugars into procaryotic cells while phosphorylating them using PEP as the phosphate donor

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Pure Culture

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A population of cells that are idenitical because they arise from a single cell

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Photolithotrophic Autotrophs (Photoautotrophs)

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Organisms that uses light energy, an inorganic electron source (eg. H2O, H2, H2S), and CO2 as a carbon source

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Photoorganotrophic Hetertrophs

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Microorganisms that use light energy and organic electron donors, and also employ simple organic molecules rather than CO2 as their carbon source

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Phototrophs

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Organisms that use light as their energy source

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Selective Media

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Culture media that favor the growth of specific microorganisms; this may be accomplished by inhibiting the growth of undesired microorganisms

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Siderophores

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A small molecule that complexes with ferric iron and supplies it to a cell by aiding in its transport across the plasma membrane

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Symport

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Linked transport of two substances in which they both go in the same direction

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Vitamin

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An organic compound required by organisms in minute quantities for growth and reproduction becasue it cannot be synthesized by the organism; vitamins often serve as enzyme cofactors or parts of cofactors

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Lag phase

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(apparent inactivity) the population remains at the same number. Metabolic activity is taking place, synthesizing new cell components. Length depends of conditions.

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Log phase

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(Exponential) bacterial growth occurs at its optimal level (maximal rate possible) and population doubles rapidly. Population is most uniform in terms of chemical and physical properties.

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Stationary phase

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Number of viable microorganisms remains constant, the reproduction of bacterial cells is offset by their death, – and the population reaches a plateau.

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Death phase

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the bacteria die off rapidly (exponential rate)

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Mean growth rate constant

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K: number of generations per unit time, often expressed as generations per hour

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Starvation proteins are produced by a culture during which phase of the growth curve?

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Stationary phase

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aerotolerant anaerobe

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uses oxygen when present or grows without oxygen when absent. Psychrotrophs (facultative psychrophiles)

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System that is used to grow bacterial cultures continuously

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Chemostat

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They can grow well at 0°C, have optimal growth at 15°C or lower, and usually will not grow above 20°C

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Psychrophiles

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They can also grow at 0°C, but have growth optima between 20°C and 30°C, and growth maxima at about 35°C

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Psychrotrophs (facultative psychrophiles)

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They have growth optima of 20 to 45°C, minima of 15 to 20°C, and maxima of about 45°C or lower

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Mesophiles

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They have growth optima of 55 to 65°C, and minima around 45°C

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Thermophiles

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They have growth optima of 80 to 110°C and minima around 55°C

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Hyperthermophiles

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An organism able to grow in the presence of O2 is an

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aerobe

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An organism that cannot able to grow in the presence of O2 is an

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anaerobe

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An organism that ignore O2 and grow equally well whether it is present or not

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Aerotolerant anaerobes

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Microaerophiles

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An organism that require lower levels (2 to 10%) for growth because normal atmospheric levels of O2 (20%) are damaging to the cell

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Biogeochemical cycles

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Pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through: –biotic(biosphere) – abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere)

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Reservoirs

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Place where the element is accumulated or held for a long period of time (such as an ocean or lake for water)

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cyanobacteria

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A large group of bacteria that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis using a system like that present in photosynthetic eucaryotes. (See 471)

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the transformations of a substrate, and the products of one group of microorganisms can be used by a second type of microorganism

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commensalism

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commensalism

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A type of symbiosis in which one individual gains from the association and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

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mineralization

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The release of inorganic nutrients from organic matter during microbial growth and metabolism.

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Nitrogen fixation

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series of sequential reduction steps to convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonia. Needs energy. by aerobes or anaerobes. must be done anaerobically, even by aerobic microorganisms.

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Water borne diseases:

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pathogens originate in fecal material are transmitted by Ingestion

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Water related diseases:

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MO with life cycles associated with insects that live in water, by Insects

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Water based:

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originate in water/spend some life in water and come into direct contact with human by Inhalation

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Water washed diseases:

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originated in feces and transmitted because of inadequate sanitation or hygiene, by Contact

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Antigen

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foreign molecule, when introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system. Immune system will kill or neutralize the antigen as potentially harmful invader.