Microbiology Department

Front 1

Robert hooke

Back 1

Reported living things are composed of little boxes

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Auton Van Leeuwenhoek

Back 2

Reported living microorganisms

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Rudolf Virchow

Back 3

Reported that cells arise from preexisting cells

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Pasteur

Back 4

Discovered that microbes are responsible for fermentation, relationships between microbes and disease, and pasteurization

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Ignaz Semmelweis

Back 5

Advocated handwashing to prevent remission of pyerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another

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Joseph Lister

Back 6

Used a chemical disenfectant to prevent surgical wound infections

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Robert Koch

Back 7

Proved that bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific diseas

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Simple Microscope

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Only one lens

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Light microscopy

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Uses visible light to observe specimens

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Comput microscope

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Image from the objective lens is magnified again by the ocular lens

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Total magnification

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Objective lense X ocular lens

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Resolution

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Ability to distinguish between two points

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Bright field illumination

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Dark objects are visible against a bright background

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Dark field microscopy

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Brightly lit objects are visible against a dark background

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Fluorescence Microscopy

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Ability of a substance to absorb shorter wavelengths of light and emit longer wavelengths of light, cells can be stained directly with flourochromes

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Transmission electron microscope

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Ultrathin specimens to produce 2d images, and specimens can be stained with heavy metal salts.

Resolution of 2.5 nm and a magnification of 10K to 100KX

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Scanning electron microscopy

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Electron gun produce 3d image with resolution of 20nm and magnification of 1000 to 10000x

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Basic dye

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Chromophore is a cation

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Acidic dye

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Chromophore is an anion

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Negative Staining

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Staining the background instead of the cell

Front 21

Differential Staining

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Used to distinguish between bacteria based on structural or chemical differences such as gram fast and acid fast

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Gram positive stains what color

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Purple stain

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Gram negative stains what color

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Red

Front 24

Special stains

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Used to distinguish parts of a cell, such as capsul, endospores, and flagella

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Prokaryote DNA

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Lacks histones

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Prokaryote chromosome

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One circular chromosome

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Prokaryote organelles

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There is none

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Prokaryote ribosome

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Synthesizes proteins

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Prokaryote cell division

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Binary fission

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Prokaryote flagella

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Long filamentous appendage used for motility

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Prokaryote plasma membrane

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Phospholipids bilayer which is slectively permeable and is the site for ATP synthesis

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Prokaryote endospore

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Resting structure that protects the bacterial chromosome and allows the cell to germinate into a living cell if condition become suitable again

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Colony

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Visible mass of bacterial cells derived from one sine bacterial cell

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Sterile

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Free of microbes and endospores

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Culture

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Microbes growing and multiplying in or on culture medium in a container

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Agar

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Complex polysaccharide and used as a solidifying agent for culture media in petri dishes

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Chemically defined media

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Exact composition is known

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Complex media

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Exact composition is unknown

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Differential media

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Distinguishes colonies based on metabolic differences

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Slective media

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Designed to inhibit growth of unwanted microorganisms and promote the growth of desired or selected microorganisms

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Streak plate method

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Used to isolate pure cultures

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Pure culture

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Contains only one species of bacteria

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Methods to measure microbial growth

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Plate count

Filtration

Direct microscopic count

Turbidity

Dry weight

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Sepsis

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Microbial contamination

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Asepsis

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Absence of significant cantamination

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Sterilization

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Removing all microbial life

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Commercial Sterilization

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Killing C botulinum endospores

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Disenfection

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Removing pathogens

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Anisepsis

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Removing pathogens from living tissue

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Degerming

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Removing microbes from a limited area

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Sanitization

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Lowering microbial counts on eating utensils

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Biocide/germicide

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Killing microbes

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Bacteriostasis

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Inhibiting, not killing, microbes

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Target sites

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Plasma membrane

Damage to proteins

Damage to dna

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Gene

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A segment of dna that encodes a function product, usually a protein

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Genome

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All genetic information in a cell

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Mutation

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Change in genetic material

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Mutagen

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Agent that causes mutations

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Spontaneous mutations

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Occurs in the absence of mutagen

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Base substitution mutation

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Change in one base

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Missense mutation

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Change in amino acid

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Nonsense mutation

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Changes a codon to a nonsense or stop codon

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Frameshift mutation

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Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs, causing a shift

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Vertical gene transfer

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Occurs during reproduction between different generations of cells

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Horizontal gene transfer

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Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation

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Conjugation

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Dna transfer through direct cell to cell contact through an f pili

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Generalized transduction

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Packing error vl

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Specialized transduction

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Prophage excision error

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Transduction

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Dna transferred by bacteriophage

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Pathogenicity

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Ability to cause disease

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Virulence

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Extent to pathogenicity

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Toxin

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Substance that contributes to pathogenicity

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Toxigenicity

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Ability to produce a toxin

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Toxemia

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Presence of a toxin in the host blood

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Toxoid

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Inactivated toxin used in vaccines

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Antitoxin

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Antibodies against a specific toxin

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Capsules

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Prevent PHAGOCYTOSIS

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Portals of entry

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Mucous membranes such as respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary, and conjunctivitis

Skin

Parenteral route

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Penetrarion or evasion of host defenses

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Capsules

Cell wall components

Enzymes

Antigenic variation

Intracellular growth

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Portals of exit

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Same as portals of entry

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Pathogenesis

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Development of a disease

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Infection

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Colonization of the body by pathogens

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Disease

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An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

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Symbiosis

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Relationship between normal microbiota and the host

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Commensalism

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One benefits while the other is unaffected

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Mutualism

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Both benefit

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Parasitism

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One benefits while the other suffers

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Probiotics

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Live microbes ingested to replace other bacteria

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Symptom

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A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease

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Sign

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A change in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

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Syndrome

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A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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Direct contact transmission

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Requires close association between infected and suspectabke host

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Indirect contact

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Spread by fomitez

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Droplet contact

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Transmission via airborne droplets

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Vehicle transmission

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Transmission via an inanimate reservoir such as food water and air

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Vector

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Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitos

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Mechanical vector transmission

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Arthropod carries pathogen on feet

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Biological vector transmission

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Pathogen reproduces in vector

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Nosocomial Infection

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Acquire in hospitals and other health care facilities