Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide Part 2

Front 1

Oxidation

Back 1

The removal of electrons. Primary source of oxidation is carbohydrates

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ETS

Back 2

Series of electron carries that operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to acceptors such as oxygen

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Enzyme

Back 3

Protein catalyst with specificity for both the reaction catalyzed and its substrates

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Genotype

Back 4

Used to describe the entire genetic or hereditary constitution of an organism. It is also a group of markers that describes the particular forms or variations of genes (alleles). Also, includes all alleles.

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Translation

Back 5

Protein synthesis; the process by which the genetic message carried by mRNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides with the aid of ribosomes and other cell constituents.

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rRNA

Back 6

The RNA present in ribosomes; ribosomes contain several sizes of single stranded RNA that contribute to ribosome structure and are also directly involved in the mechanism of protein synthesis.

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Transduction

Back 7

The transfer of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages

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Plasmid

Back 8

A double stranded DNA molecule that can exist and replicate independently of the chromosome or may be integrated with it. A plasmid is stably inherited, but is not required for the host cell’s growth and reproduction.

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Hfr Cell

Back 9

The cell receiving the plasmid, and occurs when the plasmid integrates into its own chromosome. Also, is a bacterial cell containing an F factor incorporated into the bacterial chromosome

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DNA Ligase

Back 10

An enzyme that joins two DNA fragments together through the formation of a new phosphodiester bond

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Mutualism

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A type of symbiosis in which both partners gain from the association and are unable to survive without it. The mutualist and the host are metabolically dependent on each other.

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Coliform

Back 12

Gram negative, nonsporing, facultative rod that ferments lactose with gas formation within 48 hours at 35 degrees C

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Obligate Anaerobes

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Microorganisms that cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen and die when exposed to it.

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Hypotonic

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Greater concentration of solute inside cell than outside. Water potential is low. Net movement of water into cell from the solution across semi permeable membrane. Cause lysis (bursting) in animal cells and turgor pressure in plant cells

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Plasmolysis

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The process in which water osmotically leaves a cell, which causes the cytoplasm to shrivel up and pull the plasma membrane away from the cell wall.

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Selective Media

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Culture media that favor the growth of specific microorganisms; this may be accomplished by inhibiting the growth of undesired microorganisms.

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Mixed culture

Back 17

Populations of different organisms are present.

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Reduction

Back 18

Gaining of electrons

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Codon

Back 19

Sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that directs the incorporation of an amino acid during protein synthesis or signals the start or stop of translation

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Phenotype

Back 20

The observable expression of characters and traits coded for by those genes.

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mRNA

Back 21

single stranded RNA synthesized from a DNA template during transcription that binds to ribosomes and directs the synthesis of protein

Front 22

Mutation

Back 22

a permanent, heritable change in the genetic material

Front 23

Bacteriophage

Back 23

virus that uses bacteria as its host, often called a phage

Front 24

F+ Cell

Back 24

A cell that has the F plasmid, called the donor or male cell. A recipient cell becomes this by fusion of cell membranes, attachment of sex pilus, transfer of the single stranded F factor, pulling of donor and recipient cells together, and formation of complementary strand of the F factor

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R Factor

Back 25

plasmids bearing one or more drug resistant genes

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Parasitism

Back 26

feeding by one organism on the cells of a second, normally larger organism, harms the host

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Synergism

Back 27

association between two or more populations that supply each other’s nutritional needs

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Aerobes

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An organism that grows in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.

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Isotonic

Back 29

Concentration inside cells is equal to that of the solution. No net movement of water. Cell is at equilibrium (what it strives for).

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Agar Slant

Back 30

An example would TSA, and is used to grow and maintain your culture once you have isolated and identified pure colonies of your bacterium. Increases sterility, less media used.

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Colony

Back 31

A cluster or assemblage of microorganisms growing on a solid surface such as the surface of an agar culture medium; the assemblage often is directly visible, but also may be seen only microscopically.

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Streak Plate/Spread Plate

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A petri dish of solid culture medium with isolated microbial colonies growing on its surface, which has been prepared by spreading a microbial mixture over the agar surface, using an inoculating loop.

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ATP

Back 33

triphosphate of the nucleoside adenosine, which is a high energy molecule that has high phosphate group transfer potential and serves as the cells major form of energy currency

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Glycolosis

Back 34

the anaerobic conversion of glucose to lactic acid by use of the Emden-Meyerhof pathway

Front 35

Polymers

Back 35

formed by union of many monomers. They are used with other chemical coagulants to aid in small suspended particles to form larger chemical flocs for easier removal from water.

Front 36

Anticodon

Back 36

A sequence of three bases in transfer RNA that base pairs with a codon during protein synthesis.

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Transcription

Back 37

The process in which single stranded RNA with a base sequence complementary to the template strand of DNA or RNA is synthesized

Front 38

tRNA

Back 38

A small RNA that binds an amino acid and delivers it to the ribosome for incorporation into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.

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Transformation

Back 39

A mode of gene transfer in bacteria in which a piece of free DNA is taken up by a bacterial cell and integrated into the recipient genome.

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Conjugation

Back 40

The form of gene transfer and recombination in bacteria that requires direct cell to cell contact. Also is a complex form of sexual reproduction commonly employed by protozoa

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F- Cell

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Cell lacking the F plasmid, called the recipient of female cell. Needs F plasmid to become F+.

Front 42

Recombinant DNA

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Procedures used to join together DNA fragments to produce genes of interest and the procedures to introduce such recombinant DNA molecules into expression systems for the large scale production of proteins or DNA of interest

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Commensalisms

Back 43

type of symbiosis in which one individual gains from the association and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

Front 44

Biofilm

Back 44

Organized microbial systems consisting of layers of microbial cells associated with surfaces, often with complex structural and functional characteristics. They have physical/chemical gradients that influence microbial metabolic processes. They can form on inanimate devices and also cause fouling

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Microaerophiles

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A microorganism that requires low levels of oxygen for growth, around 2 to 10%, but is damaged by normal atmospheric oxygen levels.

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Hypertonic

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Greater concentration of solute outside of cell than inside. Water potential is higher. Net movement of water from the cell to the solution across semi permeable membrane. Causes crenation in animal cells and causes plasmolysis in plant cells

Front 47

Halophile

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organism that thrives, or at least which can survive in a saline (sodium chloride) environment

Front 48

Differential Media

Back 48

Culture media that distinguish between groups of microorganisms based on differences in their growth and metabolic products

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Pure Culture

Back 49

A population of cells that are identical because they arise from a single cell