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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are outbreaks start? |
human to human: contact, coughing sneezing Transmission by food, waste water, insects, fluids and chemical |
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Differentiate between bactericidal and bacteriostatic |
bactericidal kills microbes, bacteriostatic inhibits growth |
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What are the typical targets of antimicrobials? |
bacterial cell wall, RNA polymerase/synthesis, protein & DNA synthesis |
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How do drugs like penicillin work? |
By inhibiting cell wall synthesis in actively growing cells. This is a low toxicity option for host |
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How do antimicrobials affect RNA polymerase and synthesis? |
They inhibit cell growth and stops RNA synthesis |
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How do antimicrobials affect protein and DNA synthesis? |
by acting on the 70S ribosomes |
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What are the strategies to battling drug resistance? |
use antibiotics less, take full prescription, take the right concentrations, use less broad spectrum and find other ways of dealing with microbes. |
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How do you kill endospores? |
with heat |
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Define antisepsis |
treatment directed towards living tissue |
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What does it mean to degerm something? |
Removing microbes, not killing them |
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Which cells have operons? |
prokaryotic |
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What is an operon? |
the operator and promoter sites |
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Define promoter |
the "stop light", allows RNA polymerase to move and continue or stop what it's doing |
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Define operator |
the repressor attaches to it and can inhibit RNA polymerase from building RNA strand |
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Define Virus |
obligatory intracellular parasites |
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What are the aspects of a virus? |
They are considered either non-living complex chemicals, or super simple living microbes. They have protein coat, an optional envelope, and can be between 20-1000 nm long. |
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Define helical virus |
long rods, capsids are hollow cylinders that surround nucleic acid |
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Define polyhedral |
many sided, usually the capsid is an icosahedron (20 sided) |
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Define a complex virus |
viruses that have complex structures. the most common is a polyhedral capsid with helical tail |
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How do viruses replicate? |
virus is inside host cell, their DNA mixes and then the host cell starts to make the viral nucleic acids, proteins and ezymes |
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What are the steps for viral replication? |
attachment, penetration, uncoating, latent, replication, assembly, release |
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how do viruses effect host's behavior? |
some viruses can either cause lysis or have their DNA incorporated as a prophage into the DNA of the host cell, the latter situation is called lysogeny. |
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Distinguish DNA/RNA from living organisms and viruses |
all living organisms store genetic information through RNA or DNA. viruses have either DNA or RNA, never both. |
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How do antivirals work? |
they inhibit reproduction, block virus from host cell, prevent virus from letting go of genetic material, or make host defenses stronger. |
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What is "viral chatter"? |
origin of viruses for early detection because they start generating one surge after another
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What are notifiable diseases? |
a disease required by law to be reported to government authorities, this allows them to monitor it and be prepared for any possible outbreaks. |
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How do notifiable diseases get on the list? |
They have to be considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease. |
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how could the microbiome be classified as an organ system? |
Organ systems are an independent part of the body that performs one or more specific functions. Microbiomes break down dietary fiber and produce vitamin K and other nutrients. |
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Define microbiome |
the group of microorganisms that live in a certain area, such as our large intestines |
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What is the purpose of the microbiome project? |
to determine the relationship between changes in the human micriobiomes and human health and disease. |
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What are extracellular infections? |
infections outside of the cell. |
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Where do extracellular pathogens replicate? |
in host tissues but outside of host cells. they quickly spread and establish infeciton |
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What happens when tissue damage results from an infection? |
mast cells that live in tissues release substances that increase blood flow to the area (inflammation) |
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What do complement proteins do with infections? |
enter tissues from the blood and kill lots of bacteria |
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What do the mast cells do when complement proteins are released? |
Mast cells will then release stuff that help get neutrophils and monocytes to the site of infection, NKC, repair mechanisms |
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What do neutrophils do when they arrive at the site of infection? |
eat bacteria |
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What is the first line of defense? |
skin, sweat, chemicals, normal microbiota |
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What happens during complement? |
opsonization (coating to eat easier), chemical attraction, degranulation of mast cells. |
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What are the steps of extracellular infection |
first line of defense, complement, phagocytosis, inflammation, APC activate T helpers, plasma/memory cells. |
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What is the first line of defense? |
barrier, secretions, microbial chemicals, normal microbiota |
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What is the second line, or complement? |
after microbes penetrate first line, this encourages production of phagocytes, inflammation, fever, ad antimicrobial substances |
