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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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esophagus has relatively small amount of bacteria because its washed with..
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saliva, food, and liquid consumption
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what factors affect the microbiotia of the intestitinal tract?
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diet
antibiotics- they can strip the system of bacteria |
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does the urethra have many colonized bacteria on it?
what types generally? |
no
proteus and e. coli |
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prior to puberty, the vagina is usually what type of pH? and dominated by what type of bacteria?
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alkaline
staphylococcus, streptococcus, and E. Coli |
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between puberty and menopause, what type of bacteria usually dominates?
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lactobacillus
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after menopause, what type of bacterial environment exists on the vagina?
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it usually reverts back to pre-puberty stages, so:
staphylococcus, streptococcus, and E. Coli |
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intestinal bacteria can do some biochemical mechanisms and produce things such as:
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vitamin K, thiamine, vit B12, riboflavin
organic acid production steroid metabolism |
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what type of bacteria lives in the stomach?
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heliobacter pylori
stomach is very acidic (~2 pH) |
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what type of bacteria exist in the small intestine?
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lactobacillus
enterococcus |
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what coats our teeth?
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a glycoprotein film
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what bacteria may help cause cavities?
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streptococcus sobrinus
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what bacteria prefers the crevices of our teeth?
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streptococcus mutans
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plaque sometimes develops as a type of biofilm and tends to harbor which type of bacteria?
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fusobacterium
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what two types of bacteria usually reside on the skin?
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staphylococcus aureus
staphylococcus epidermis |
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bacteria that lives in skin glands and lives by using amino acids, lipids, etc produced in sweat
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Propionibacterium acnes
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describe Propionibacterium acnes
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gram positive
rod anaerobic |
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how many bacterial species reside on the skin?
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~200
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achlorophyllous, heterotrophic, usually spore-bearing eukaryote
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fungus
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eurkaryote with absorptive nutrition and a walled thallus
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fungus
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a fungal thallus is composed of threadlike..
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hyphae
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one to several nuceli occur in each cell of what?
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hyphae
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what divides cells of individual hyphae?
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septa
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what drives growth of hyphal tip?
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pressure from expanding vacuoles
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what in the hyphae (of a fungus) is very active in growth and secretion of enzymes, full of mitochondria, and vesicles but usually lacks vacuoles?
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hyphal tip
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chitin is a polymer of what?
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n-acetylglucosamine
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layer 1 of a hyphae is made of what?
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chitin microfibrils, mannan, and glucan
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growth happens in hyphae (fungus) when what is produced?
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chitinase
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how does chitinase allow for growth of the fungal hyphae?
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chitinase allows softening of the cell wall so that expansion can occur
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processing of proteins occurs where in the hyphae cell
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dictyosomes
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vesicles laid down near septae lead to branching and production of..
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conidiophores
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disease caused by invasion of tissues by an actively growing fungus
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mycosis
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mycotoxicosis
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disease caused by ingestion of or contact with a mycotoxin
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dermatomycoses and candidosis are examples of what?
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superficial mycoses
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sporotrichosis is what type of mycoses?
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subcutaneous mycoses
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histoplasmosis
coccidioidomycosis and opportunistic infections are all what type of mycoses? |
systemic mycoses
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dermatomycoses are usually treated how?
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topically with griseofulvin
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asexual fungi are called
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dueteromycetes
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several species of this fungi can cause hair or skin diseases
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trichophyton
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tinea capitis, tinea pedis, and tinea barbae are all examples of what type of fungal disease?
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superficial mycoses
--specifically: dermatomycoses |
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macroconidia can survive how long?
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6 months to a year
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caused by fungus called piedraie nortae
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black piedra
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caused by fungus called trichosporum
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white piedra
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tinea is latin for..
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worm
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microsporum are separated from trichophyton by what feature?
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its roughened macroconidia
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mechanism for action of microsporum and (maybe) trichophyton
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enzymes that attack scleroproteins (like keratin, elastin, collagen)
glycopeptides-- allergic reaction that causes reddening of the skin and discomfort |
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Candidiasis:
mucocutaneous |
infections such as vaginitis or thrush
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Candidiasis:
cutaneous |
skin surface infections such as diaper rash
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Candidiasis:
systemic |
rare, usually fatal diseases like Candida granuloma
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Candida albicans occurs where?
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normally on the body, but yeast infections may occur as a result of poor hygeine, poor nutrition, diabetes or other underlying diseases
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treatment of yeast infections caused by poor hygeine etc from Candida albicans (fungus naturally found on body) include:
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washing with nystatin or amphotericin
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Candida albicans becomes what when it becomes infectious on the body?
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mycelial
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subcutanous mycoses caused by sporothrix schenckii which normally lives on plants..
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Sporotrichosis (Rose Gardener's Disease)
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what is a dimorphism
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for ex. sporothrix generally grows as a mycelium, but when causing an infection in the body it grows as a yeast
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Treatment for Sporotrichosis includes..
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potassium iodide or amphotericin
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subcutaneous mycosis caused by Phialosphora species and which exhibits darkened nodules in the skin of the feet and legs
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Chromoblastomycosis
(Cladosporium might also cause this disease) |
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caused by Histoplasma capsulatum and can become systemic
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Histoplasmosis
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most people get this flu like form and never know they have had the disease after recovering
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primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
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this systemic mycosis is a disease that can spread to the entire body and is often fatal
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disseminated histoplasmosis
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what is the treatment for histoplasmosis
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amphotericin B
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where is histoplasmosis often seen in US?
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Mississippi
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where is histoplasma capsulatum often found?
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in bird lung or soil
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histoplasmosis grows as what outside the body and as what insides the body with elevated levels of CO2?
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mycelium; yeast (yeast can be dispersed throughout the body through phagocytes)
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Coccidiodes is usually found where?
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arid parts of the US and in parts of Mexico and South America
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also called Valley Fever
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Coccidioidomycosis
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systemic mycosis caused by Coccidiodes immitis
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Coccidioidomycosis
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fungal disease that causes flu-like symptoms, when victim recovers they have life-long immunity
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primary pulmonary coccidiodomycosis
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fungal disease described by fungus entering through wounds and causing skin infections (lesions)
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primary cutaneous coccidiodomycosis
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rare form of fungal disease that has a 50% mortality rate
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disseminated coccidiodomycosis
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fungus that grows in desert soil, especially during wet spells, it forms arthroconidia that are dispersed with dust after soil dries out.
some rodents may harbor this |
C. immitis
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treatment of disseminated coccidiodomycosis is with
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amphotericin B
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as a resutl of C. immitis-
forms inside animal tissue and releases endospores which then spread internally |
spherules
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predisposing factors for opportunistic mycoses
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certain types of cancer (leukemia, lymphoma)
AIDS immunosuppresive drugs organ damage alcholism, drug abuse |
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caused by normally harmless fungi that attack individuals with weakened defenses
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opportunistic mycoses
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Candida exhibits dimorphism how?
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mycelial inside, yeast outside
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eukaryote with unicellular organization, either in the form of solitary cells or colonies of cells lacking true tissues
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protist
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protists are classified into three different kingdoms which are:
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protoctista, chromista, archezoa
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how many species of protists are there?
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60,000
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Protists:
foraminiferans produce a type of shell composed of what? |
CaCO2
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disease caused by protist
a variable phylum with both flagellated/unflagellated forms having a single type of nucleus |
sarcomastigiophora
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disease caused by protist:
Sarcomastigiophora: amebic dysentary caused by Entamoeba histolytica Common in warm climates where poor sanitation exists or where night soil is used as fertilizer some people are asymptotic carriers, others exhibit fever, weight loss, dysentary, abdominal pain |
amoebiasis
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Ameobiasis is caused by what?
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Entamoeba histolytica
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how is Ameobiasis destructive?
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enzymes produced by trophozites cause damage to the intestinal lining leading to symptoms
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we ingest what that causes the protist disease Ameobiasis
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cysts--
excystment occurs in small intesting, trophozoites emerge and feed on bacteria, yeast, red blood cells |
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how can we control Ameobiasis?
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sanitation and treatment with drugs like iodoquinol- also chlorination of city water
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very widespread
caused by Giardia lamblia hard to kill by chlorinating |
Giardiasis
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how many species of Leishmaniasis cause disease?
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21
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3 forms of Leishmaniasis
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cutaneous
mucocutaneous visceral |
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form of Leishmaniasis that causes scars and sores on skin, usually self limiting
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cutaneous
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form of Leishmaniasis that affects mouth, nose, throat, and skin and is self limiting but can also be a cause of disfigurement
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mucocutaneous
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form of Leishmaniasis that can be fatal, attacks internal organs. Found in India and Brazil
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visceral
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plankton with over 200 genera, various shapes, found in marine and fresh water
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diatoms
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what species causes malaria?
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plasmodium
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process by which all living cells, viable spores, virons are either destroyed or removed from object or habitat
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sterilization
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reduction of the microbial population on an inanimate object to levels considered safe by public officials
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sanitization
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the killing, inhibition, or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease
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disinfection
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prevention of infection
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antisepsis
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how does heat act as microbial control?
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disrupts membranes, denatures proteins, and breaks down nucleic acids
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repeated heat/cool cycles that stimulate growth and then kill microorganism
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tyndillization
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how do sulfa drugs work?
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competes for p-aminobenzoic acid in folic acid synthesis
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base analogs compete with what?
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phenylalanine
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synthetic chemotherapeutic agent classified as a quinolone
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nalidixic acid
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how do quinolone's work?
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affect topoisomerase thus affecting DNA replication
(interfere with bacterial chromosome replication) |
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what is ciproflaxin?
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a quinolone used to treat anthrax
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how does azidothymidine work?
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inhibits reverse transcriptase
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classified as a beta lactam antibiotic
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penicillin
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acid stable penicillin types allow for what?
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oral use
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what can be altered to improve the biological activity of penicillin?
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the R group
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penicillin is a narrow antibiotic, it effects only what..?
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gram positive bacteria
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what is penicillin's mode of action?
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to inhibit transpeptidation in cell walls of growing bacteria and probably also to increase autolysin activity
thus it can only affect growing bacteria |
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beta lactam antibiotic that affects cell walls of bacteria
obtained from a fungus called Cephalosporium |
Cephalosporin
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what type of range of activity does cephalosporin have?
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broad spectrum, affects gram positive and negative bacteria
native forms are more effective against gram positive bacteria |
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group of antibiotics produced by steptomyces species
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aminoglycosides
ex. gentamicin, streptomycin |
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what is the mode of action for antibiotics such as gentamicin or streptomycin (aminoglycosides)
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interfere with protein synthesis by binding to 30s ribosomal subunit
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antibiotics that have a lactone ring attached to sugars
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macrolide antibiotics
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erythromycin's activity is broad, what is its mode of action?
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protein synthesis of bacteria is affected by the lactone ring contained in erythromycin.
lactone ring binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit |
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macrolide antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis
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rifampin
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what is rifampin's mode of action?
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acts against RNA polymerase
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produced by streptomyces and composed of 4 rings with 4 R groups that permit much modification
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tetracyclines
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broad spectrum antibiotic thats mode of action is inhibition of protein synthesis
made up of 4 rings |
tetracyclines
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the science that evaluates the occurence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease
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epidemiology
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3 basic things epidemiologists want to learn about a disease
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1- causal agent
2- the origin or resevoir 3- how its transmitted |
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diseases may follow one of three different outbreak patterns which are..
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-endemic disease
-localized epidemic -pandemic |
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type of disease that is always present in low levels in a given population
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endemic disease
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give an example of an endemic disease
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Valley Fever
Hauka(sp?) Virus |
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type of disease that happens when an unusually high disease rate occurs in an area
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localized epidemic
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give an example of a localized epidemic
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chlorea outbreak
or regional flu epidemic |
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disease that is a widespread outbreak
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pandemic
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give an example of a pandemic
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1918 flu epidemic that covered much of the world
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epidemic that appears suddenly and then declines, usually due to contaminated food or water
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common source epidemic
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epidemic that slowly builds up as it spreads from person to person
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propagated epidemic
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give an example of a propagated epidemic
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influenza or HIV
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common examples of bacteria that are to blame for a nosocomial infection
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Psuedimonas aeruginosa
S. aureus E. Coli |
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examples of diseases that are spread by direct host-to-host transmission
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flu, tuberculosis, common cold, gonorrhea
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an inantimate object carrying a disease
(ie. a pen, clothes, coin) |
fomite
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something that carries disease (often water or food)
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vehicle
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a living organism that transmits disease, usually an insect such as a mosquito (malaria) or a tick (Lyme disease)
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vector
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causal agent of Lyme Disease
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Borellia burgdorferi
(spirochete-shaped bacteria) |
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what are early and later symptoms of Lyme Disease?
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circular rash, headache, chills, fatigue
neurological disorders |
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how can you treat Lyme disease?
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antibiotics
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3 ways to control disease
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1-reduce or eliminate the source or resevoir of infection
2-reduce transmission (mosquito control for Malaria or water purification for chlorea) 3-raise the level of "herd immunity" |
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diseases which may have always been present but suddenly is becoming more prevalent
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emerging diseases
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example of emerging disease
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Hanta Virus, Ebola Virus, Lyme Disease
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causes for emerging disease
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-rapid transportation around the world
-political unrest leading to mass migration -increasing drug resistance of pathogen -lack of immunization -ecosystem disruption |
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example of a disease due to ecosystem disruption
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Lyme Disease
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list some ecological functions of microorganisms
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-primary producers (photosynthetic bacteria in aquatic environment)
-decomposition -serve as a food source (nematodes, protists, fungi may feed off of bacteria) -modify substances -produce inhibitory compounds - |
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immediate environment surrounding a microbial cell
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microenvironment
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what are leaves coated with that allows them to dry quickly?
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cutin
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factors limiting microbial growth rates
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-fluctuating environmental conditions
-low nutrient concentrations -uneven nutrient concentration -microbial competition |
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occurs when microbes make an enzyme or metabolic by product required by another, they end up working together
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syntrophy
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