Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
E. Coli has no mitochondria therefore
A. E. Coli has no glycolytic pathway B. E. Coli has no Krebs cycle C. has not ETC D. All of the Above E. None of the above |
E. None of the above
|
|
|
Enzymes speed up reactions by
|
decreasing the activation energy
|
|
|
Oxidation reactions are always coupled.
NADH has more NRG than NAD+ |
Both statements are true
|
|
|
Intermediates of catabolic reactions
|
are ofetn used in anabolic reactions
|
|
|
Changes in temperaturewill affect the action of enzymes by
|
Altering the tertiary structure.
|
|
|
Glycolysis yields a net 2 ATP and 2NADH. The pathway will come to a grinding halt, however unless NAD+ is generated NAD is genereated during...
|
Aerobic respiration
Fermentation Anaerobic respiration |
|
|
Anaerobic respiration and fermentation differ in that
|
The final electron acceptor during fermentation is internal
|
|
|
Alcoholic fermentation is a characteristic of
|
some yeasts
|
|
|
When Dinitrophenol is added to a culture of E. Coli, the pereability of the membrane is altered so that hydrogen freely passes across the memberane
|
Adding Dinitrophenol to a culture of E. Coli growing aerobically will terminated the production of ATP
|
|
|
Starch can by hydrolyzed by amylase to yield maltose and glucose. Amylase is
|
an enzyme
|
|
|
A mutant strain of E. Coli is isolated which is unable to make the enzyme superoxide Disumtase. This strain of E. Coli is
|
An obligate anaerobe
|
|
|
Electron acceptors besides oxygen that can be used in respiration
|
Nitrate
Sulfate Elemental sulfur |
|
|
Difference between Adenine and Uracil
|
DNA- one OH
RNA- two OH |
|
|
Transcription is the syntheiss of RNA using a DNA template
Translation is the syntheysis of protien from and mRNA template |
Both statements are true
|
|
|
DNA is replicated in a 5 prime to 3 prime direction
|
True
|
|
|
Which strand needs RNA primers to make new DNA?
|
Both
|
|
|
DNA Replication requires
|
Deoxyribonucleotides
Ribonucleotides DNA polymerase |
|
|
Transcription requires
|
Ribonucleotides
RNA polymerase |
|
|
Ration of G to C is always 1
|
In Bacterial DNA
|
|
|
Thymine base pairs with
|
Adenine
|
|
|
Translation occurs
|
on the ribosome
|
|
|
Introns are present
|
Eukaryotic DNA
|
|
|
Example of molecular palendrome
|
GAATTC
|
|
|
A few known mutagens
|
5-bromo-uracil
Nitrous Acid Ethidium Bromide |
|
|
Wildtype E. Coli is a prototroph
Wildtype humans are auxotrophs |
Both statements are true
|
|
|
In the presence of glucose, teh lactose operon is shut down. This is because glucose binds to the operator region, blockin RNA polymerase
|
False
|
|
|
In general, which mistake is most likely to reslut in a non-functional protien
|
Nonsense
|
|
|
Penicillin does NOT
|
kill auxotrophs in a minimal glucose medium
and does not increase sponatneous mutation frequency |
|
|
The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophate vector is called
|
transduction
|
|
|
Transformation requires compentent cells
The DNA that enteres a cell during transformation must be a replicon |
Only statement one is true.
|
|
|
The F-factor can integrate into the bacterial chromosome. This is accopmlished by
|
Site-specific recombination
|
|
|
R-factors are
|
Plasmids
carry resistance genes to multiple antibiotics Transfer copies of themselves Do not recombine with the host cell's chromosome |
|
|
What's true about F matings
|
The donor remains a donor and the recipient becomes a donor
|
|
|
Tools for identifying bacteria
|
DNA sequencing
Biochemical testing Colonial morphology Microscopic properties |
|
|
What is required for a successful PCR reaction?
|
Primers
Restriction endonucleases dNTPs Taq DNA polymerase |
|
|
A sequencing reaction is similar to the PCR in that melting, annealing, and extension occur over multiple cycles. The major difference is that
|
PCR uses two primers, sequencing uses one.
|
|
|
Agarose gel electophoresis is a technique to separate pieces of DNA, what is true about it?
|
The DNA is sparated based on its size
The DNA migrates toward the positive pole The DNA is visualized by staining with Ethidum Bromide |
|
|
Antov van Leeuenhoek
|
first to observe microorganisms 300 years ago
|
|
|
Direct selection for mutations can be used when the mutation:
|
Makes a bacterium resistant to streptomycin
and Makes an auxotroph a phototroph |
|
|
A frameshift mutation occurs in the gen for the outer membrane protein ompF gene products allow maltose to enter the cell and serves as a receptor for teh T2 Bacteriophage. What will be the result of the mutation?
|
the cell will neither di in the presence of glucose and will still be able to utilize glucose.
|
|
|
A silent mutation occurs in the gene for the first enzyme in the glycolitic pathway. The result is
|
Nothing
|
|
|
A chemical is tested using the ames test. The chemical is added to the log phases of salmonella typhimurium and then plated on minimal medium without histadine. 122 colonies grow. What can be concluded about this chemical.
|
Nothing because we don't know the original mutation rate. There is no control.
|
|
|
Which of the following including oxygenic phototrophs?
Fungi, bacteria, protozoa, helminths or more than one |
Bacteria only
|
|
|
A good cloning vector will have at least one antibiotic resistance gene and and reporter gene such as the lacZ gene. The restriction sites should be
|
with the reporter gene
|
|
|
Which of the following is/are found with all viruses?
DNA, RNA, DNA and RNA, Envelope, or Protien |
Protien
|
|
|
Which of the following is/are primary producers?
Algae, E. coli or elephants? |
Algae
|
|
|
Primary wastewater treatment reduces/removes
BOD, Phosphate, Nitrogen, or more than one |
BOD
|
|
|
Oxygenic phototrophs include the blue/green algae, these are:
Prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes, multicellular, eukaryotes |
Prokayrotes
|
|
|
Protozoa, fungi, and helmintes have little medical signifance
True or false |
False
|
|
|
Which protects the human host from infectious disease?
Lysosome, mucous, normal flora |
All
|
|
|
T-cells
are innate are granulocytes mature in the thyroid yes no |
No, are active, are leukocytes, and mature in the thymus
|
|
|
Antibodies protect the host by
|
opsonizing invading microbes, neutralizing toxins, activating complements
|
|
|
IgG and IgM differ that
|
The have different heavy chains
They recognize different antigen They recognize different antigenic determinats |
|
|
A rash after exposure to poison ivy is an example of
|
Type IV hypersensitivity
|
|
|
Infectious
|
can infect a person virus to person
|
|
|
Communicable
|
Organism to organism
|
|
|
Congenital
|
present at birth
|
|
|
Inherited
|
genetic disease
|
|
|
Neoplastic
|
tumor
|
|
|
Noscomial
|
infection aquired in the hospital
|
|
|
Latrogenic
|
disorder a pathology due to medical infection
|
|
|
Idiopathic
|
origin unknown
|
|
|
Convalensence
|
feeling better but still sick
|
|
|
Bacteremia
|
bacteria in the bloodstream
|
|
|
Innaparent infection
|
infection with no apparent symptoms
|
|
|
Five F's
|
Food, feces, flies, fomites, and friends
|
|
|
Cryptosporidium
|
protozoan that survived water treatment
|
|
|
Propagated epidemic
|
person to person, slow rise slow fall
|
|
|
Common source
|
particular place or time, no cases, no cases, LOTS OF CASES, no cases...
|
|
|
Boils and carbunkles
|
caused by staphylococcus aureus
|
|
|
Scalded skin syndrome
|
Rash, sandpaper texture
|
|
|
Lyme disease
|
Borrelia borgdoferi gram negative
Trasmitted by deer and wood ticks |
|
|
Symptoms of lyme disease
|
Target shape rash
Influenza like symptoms Arthritis Chronic nervous systWem symptoms Bullseye rash doesn't always occur |
|
|
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
flesh-eating disease
|
|
|
Psudomonas aeruginosa
|
burn wounds
|
|
|
Tetanus
|
clostridum tetani
|
|
|
Gas Gangrene
|
Clotridum Perfringes and other species
|
|
|
Strep Throat
|
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Pyrogenes |
|
|
Diptheria
|
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Exotoxin Vaccine available |
|
|
Acute Aferbrile Corezea
|
Caused by many different viruses
Rhinoviruses are most common Can lead to more serious bacterial diseases |
|
|
Adenoviral phayrgitis
|
Non enveloped dsDNA virus
Caused by adenovirus |
|
|
Pneumoccucule pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumonia |
Causes permantent damage to lung
Complication lung abscesses bacteremia Plasmids contain resistant genes Capsule |
|
|
Whooping Cough
|
caused by bordetella pertussis
|
|
|
Helicobacter pylori
|
peptic ulcers
antibiotic treatment is effective Bacteria produces urease which neutralizes stomach acid |
|
|
Mumps
|
Paramyxovirus
infects glandular tissue |
|
|
Cholera
|
Caused by Vibrio
Exotoxin Severe diarrhea |
|
|
E. Coli
|
Traveler's Diarrhea
|
|
|
Enterotoxingenic
|
diarrhea and vomiting
|
|
|
Enteroinvasive
|
penetrate and cause diarrhea
|
|
|
Enteropathogenic
|
is pathogenic
|
|
|
Enterhemmorrhagic
|
blood loss
|
|
|
Samonelosis
|
Different strains of salmonella
Gastroenteritis Typhoid fever Vaccine available |
|
|
Women
|
flora influenced by estrogen
more likely to get urinary tract infection due to the urethra's proximity to the anus |
|
|
Toxic Shock Syndrome
|
Toxins absorbed into the bloodstream and causes shock
|
|
|
STD
|
15 million new cases a year
|
|
|
Gonorrhea
|
Neisseria gonorrheae
Different surface antigens Women Aysmptomatic but can move up fallopian tube and cause infertility Males get painful discharge |
|
|
Chlymdial genital systems
|
discharge or asymtomatic
Leading bacterial infection |
|
|
Syphilis
|
Spyrochete
Treponema pallidum Many manifestations |
|
|
Primary syphilis
|
painless ulcer, infectious, treatble
|
|
|
Secondary syphilis
|
rash, aches and pain, muchous membrane lesions, treated
|
|
|
Tertiary syphilis
|
gummas, interal swollen lump, damage to large blood vessels, eyes and nervous symptom damageq
|
|
|
Chancroid
|
painful, enlarging, soft changurs near genetalia
|
|
|
Genital herpes simplex
|
1 above the waist
2 below Very transmissionalbe Gift that keeps on givingP |
|
|
Papillomavirus
|
cervical cancer
|
|
|
Genital Warts-
|
noncancerous lesions
|
|
|
Cervical cancer
|
precancerous lesions
|
|
|
Trochomonas vaginalis
|
Third leading cause of vaginal infections
Men asympomatic |
|
|
E. Coli is growing in the presence of glucose and lactose
Levels of cyclic amp will be |
low
|
|
|
E. coli is growing in the presence of lactose and glucose. The level of Beta-glactosidase will be
|
low
|
|
|
the lactose opeon
|
is an example of polycistronic mRNA
|
|
|
Epidemology
|
study of the transmission of disease
|
|
|
Direct transmission
|
organism to organism, physical contact, droplet transmission
|
|
|
Indirect transmission
|
via inanimate object or fomites
|
|
|
Impetigo
|
staph or strep, sores on skin
Acute glomerulonphritis |
|
|
Active Immunity
|
when the host is mounting a immune response
|
|
|
Passive Immunity
|
when the immune response was done in a different individual and introduced into a new host
|
|
|
Artificial Immunity
|
Intervention from medical technology
|
|
|
Natural Immunity
|
No medical intervention
|
|
|
Natural Active Immunity
|
recovering from chickenpox
|
|
|
Artificial active
|
vaccines
|
|
|
Natural Passive
|
antibodies from mom to baby
|
|
|
Artificial passive
|
indroduction of antibodies and antigens
|
|
|
Gamaglobulin
|
seperation from blood that contains antibodies
|
|
|
Attenuated vaccine
|
living bacterium that has lost the ability to cause disease. Causes a higher immune response
|
|
|
Inactivated vaccine
|
"killed" No chance of causing disease
|
|
|
Fractions vaccine
|
only a certain piece of the mirobe is introduced
|
|
|
Salk Vaccine
|
Polio vaccine Save inactivated virus
|
|
|
Sabin Vaccine
|
Attenuated virus. Only known cases of polio today are from the Sabin vaccine
|
|
|
Immunodiffusion
|
Zone of optimization you tohave to be a proper ration of antigens and antibodies
|
|
|
Immunoeletrophoriesis
|
antigen + electrophorisis
|
|
|
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
|
Allergies
|
|
|
Anaphylaxis
|
Shock
Ex. Bee stings, penuts, penicillins |
|
|
Shock
|
When all your capilaries open.
5 liters of blood in a 10 liter system. Blood pressure drops hard and fast |
|
|
Type II Hypersensitivity
|
Cytotoxic- complement lysis
Hemolytic |
