Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
chemical substances that provoke the immune system
|
antigens (can be proteins- most common, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids)
|
|
domain or area on an antigen to which antibodies are directed; antigenic determinants
|
epitopes
|
|
small molecules that bind to proteins to form an epitope; will not provoke immune system on their own
|
haptens
|
|
classes of antibodies
|
Ig= immunoglobulin
|
|
IgM
|
primary response
|
|
IgG
|
gamma globulin- secondary response, class of antibodies involved when you get a booster shot
|
|
IgA
|
tears, saliva, mother's milk
|
|
IgE
|
attached to mast cells, role in allergic responses
|
|
IgD
|
occurs on surface of memory cells
|
|
macrophage
|
engulfs free virus, presents viral antigens on surface
|
|
T-Killer lymphocyte
|
interacts w/ macrophage via antibody/antigen interaction- T-killer cells multiply, move to lymphatic system and kill virally infected cells
|
|
memory cells
|
some macrophages will become memory cells and will respond if the virus is encountered again
|
|
B-cells (humoral response)
|
interact (Ab/Ag) with macrophage, clones of B-cells, get chemical message from T-helper lymphocyte to produce antibodies
|
|
T-helper lymphocyte
|
send chemical message to b-cells to make ; these are the cells affected by AIDS -> b-cells can't make antibodies
|
|
attachment of allergens on these cells results in the release of histamine
|
mast cells
|
|
Auto-immune disease- RNA complexes stimulate b-cells to make antibodies to the complexes (against own RNA)- complexes accumulate in skin and internal organs- tissue dammage, death
|
lupus
|
|
auto-immune disease- antibodies fromed against own IgG- immune complexes attache to cartilage in joint
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
auto-immune disease- antibodies made against chemical groups on surface of pancreatic cells- cell mediated response to cells in pancreas
|
juvenile diabetes
|
|
autoimmune disease- antibodies to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal receptors made- lose motor nerve function
|
myasthenia gravis
|
|
autoimmune disease- antibodies made against CNS tissue- tissue dammage
|
multiple sclerosis
|
|
contact dermatitis
|
haptens combine with patient's own proteins to form a new epitope- immune response to altered protein- usually a localized reaction where contact occured- ex. poison ivy/oak, cosmetics, metals (Ni), cosmetics
|
|
antigen in tissue (important for transplantation)
|
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
|
|
Why does mother not reject fetus (it is foreign tissue)?
|
sperm contains an antigenic signal that stimulates mother to make blocking antibodies which shield the fetus
|
|
Rh factor- what, what % Rh +
|
chemical group on red blood cells; 85% pop. Rh+
|
|
pathogen which causes strep throat
|
steptococcus pyogenes
|
|
type of hemolysis that takes place on blood agar when pathogenic strep is present
|
beta-hemolysis- complete destruction of blood cells (partial destruction is alpha, usually non-pathogenic)
|
|
complications of strep throat
|
otis media (ear infections), rheumatic fever (heart valves), acute glomerulonephritis (kidneys), septicemia (breaks down organ tissue)
|
|
other infections caused by streptococcus pyogenes
|
erysipeias (skin infections), childbirth fever, necrotizing fascitis (invasion of deep tissue, muscles, toxic shock and death- flesh eating bacteria)
|
|
pathogen which causes diphtheria
|
corynebacterium diphtheriae
|
|
what diphtheria toxin does
|
inhibits 80S ribosomes (shuts down protein synthesis), death from cardiac arrest
|
|
how diphtheria is spread
|
spread by individuals who have it in their throats, carriers; spread by mucous droplets from coughing and sneezing
|
|
Pertussis (whooping cough)- pathogen and where it attaches
|
bordatella pertussis (gram - rod), attaches to pili in throat cells
|
|
Bacterial meningitis- organism responsibly for most severe type
|
neisseria meningiditis (5% of pop. carriers)
|
|
Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis
|
spinal tap; look for gram - cocci
|
|
treatment and problem with that treatment
|
treated with antibiotics, problem because blood/brain barrier can prevent antibiotics from entering spinal column
|
|
Haemophilus influenzae, who, what
|
occurs in 80% of health individuals, serious in children 6 mo.- 6 yrs., can invade CNS to cause meningitis
|
|
class of viruses that cause colds
|
rhino viruses > 100 strains
|
|
TB- pathogen
|
mycobacterium tuberculosis, gram (+) rod; mycolic acid (wax) in cell wall
|
|
how organism is spread
|
inhalation of organism from an infected person
|
|
how organism acts in body
|
engulfed by phagocytes but can multiply in these cells and spread to other organ systems (ex. lymph)
|
|
test for TB in US
|
Mantoux skin test; tuberculin used, hypersensitivity of organism if patient has TB
|
|
treatment of TB
|
antibiotics, 2 given for at least 6 mo. (have to make sure people finish dose or surviving pathogens become resistant)
|
|
Pneumonia- organism that causes 80% of bacterial pneumonia
|
streptococcus pneumoniae
|
|
"walking pneumonia" (primary atypical pneumonia)- pathogen
|
mycoplasma pneumoniae (lacks cell wall, cannot be treated w/ penicillin)
|
|
Legionnaire's Disease- pathogen and where found
|
legionella pneumophilia- found in water towers, HVAC, shower heads, spray units in produce sections
|
|
Botulism- 3 main causes
|
72% - infants- given honey water
25%- home canning - baceterium is in soil 3%- cutaneous drug addicts |
|
botulism- pathogen
|
clostridium botulinum
|
|
where found
|
spores in soil, sewage, fertilizers, intestines of animals, fish, birds
|
|
What does toxin do that is so dangerous?
|
it inhibits the release of acetyl choline form nerve synapse, causes flaccid paralysis, can die of resp. or cardiac arrest
|
|
staph food poisoning- most common type of food poisoning- pathogen (Toxin)
|
toxin produced by staphylococcus aureus
|
|
transmission of staph food poisoning
|
food handlers w/ abscesses and boils
|
|
where staph occurs on body in healthy individuals
|
skin and in nose
|
|
clostridial food poisoning- pathogen, where found
|
clostridium perfringens; found in protein rich foods like meats , poultry, beans- bulging cans usually contain clostridium perfringens, produces a lot of gas, can may explode
|
|
other problem caused by clostridium perfringens
|
gas gangrene
|
|
Typhoid fever- pathogen and transmission
|
salmonella typhi (most dangerous of salmonella); transmission by 5 F's- fingers, food, fleas, feces, fomites
(treated with antibiotics so no more "Typhoid Mary's") |
|
Salmonella food poisoning- main foods involved
|
poultry (found in the intestinal tract of chickens) and eggs (and egg products)
most reported GI tract disease |
|
E.Coli 0:157 H7- major outbreak, foods involved
|
Jack in the Box (hamburgers), also can occur in mayonnaise, juicues (unpasteurized apple juice), dry cured salami, alfalfa sprouts
can also occur in pools, petting zoos |
|
Where does E. Coli 0:157 H7 occur?
|
intestinal tract of cows... cow manure
|
|
organism responsible for 80-90% of gastric ulcers, how it enters stomach
|
helicobacter; enters stomach on contaminated food, burrows into stomach wall through mucous lining to cause ulcer
|
|
treatment of ulcers
|
antibiotics- tetracycline, amoxicillin
|
|
Listeria monocytogenes- where it occurs, how transmitted
|
occurs in warm blooded animals (pets), transmitted by fecal contaimination
|
|
foods affected by listeria
|
soft cheeses, cold cuts, liver pastes, veggies, milk and milk products, poultry, sausage, hot dogs
|
|
Brucellosis- affect on cows and humans
|
brucella abortus (spontaneous abortion in cows), relapsing (Malta) fever in humans - can come from animal contact, contaiminated milk
|
|
Rotaviruses
|
most common in kids under 5, wheel-shaped under e- microscope, causes dehydration, fecal-oral route, diarrhea
|
|
Norwalk virus
|
shellfish may be a reservoir, recent problem on cruise ships, infects upper small intestine, infectious up to 3 weeks after epidemic, fecal-oral route
|
|
Hepatitis A, what, how you get it
|
infection of the liver; fecal-oral route; outbreaks from eating raw shellfish
|
|
Hepatitis B and C- how spread
|
both spread by tattooing needles, drug needles, piercing equip., razors, toothbrush
(B spread through sexual intercourse as well) |
|
disease caused by Hep C
|
liver disease, causes liver cancer
|
|
Bacterial cystitis- infection of urinary bladder- pathogens
|
80-90% caused by E. Coli from patient's intestinal tract
5-10% Klebsiells, proteus all gram (-) |
|
urinary bladder infections from catheterization- 2 organisms responsible
|
p. aeruginosa (gram -), enterrococcus faecalis (gram +, from intestinal tract)
|
|
Candida Albicans
|
causes yeast infections, more prevalent when taking antibiotics that kill normal flora in tract, during pregnancy and while using birth control b/c those increase amount of glycogen which is a nutrient for candida
|
|
staphylococcal toxic shock- organism, outbreak
|
caused by toxin produced by staph aureus, certain kind of tampon allowed bacterium to grow
|
|
syphilis- organism, how seen
|
treponema pallidum (pale turning thread), can only be seen w/ dark field microscopy
|
|
3 stages of syphilis
|
1- ulcer appears at site of entry
2- skin rash, flu-like symptoms 3- can invade CNS!(can cause mental illness) soft gummy lesions calles gummas develop |
|
when can antibiotics be used to treat syphilis?
|
only in stage 1 and 2
|
|
Chlamydia trachamonis (reporting)
|
most reported STD- referred to as silent b/c it occurs w/o obvious symptoms
|
|
Gonorrhoea- reporting, organism responsible
|
2nd most reported STD, caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
|
besides venereal disease, neisseria gonorrhea can cause...
|
blindness in children
|
|
Clostridium tetani- where found
|
in the soil, in the intestines of animals (esp. horses)
|
|
toxin produced by clostridium tetani and what it does to body
|
toxin = tetanospasmin (2nd most deadly toxin), causes lock jaw (face 1st muscles affected) and prevents the relaxation of muscles
|
|
spread of clostridum tetani
|
tattooing needles, ear piercing, unsanitary cutting of umbilical cord in undeveloped countries (covered with dung)
|