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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chemical substances that provoke the immune system
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antigens (can be proteins- most common, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids)
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domain or area on an antigen to which antibodies are directed; antigenic determinants
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epitopes
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small molecules that bind to proteins to form an epitope; will not provoke immune system on their own
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haptens
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classes of antibodies
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Ig= immunoglobulin
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IgM
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primary response
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IgG
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gamma globulin- secondary response, class of antibodies involved when you get a booster shot
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IgA
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tears, saliva, mother's milk
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IgE
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attached to mast cells, role in allergic responses
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IgD
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occurs on surface of memory cells
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macrophage
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engulfs free virus, presents viral antigens on surface
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T-Killer lymphocyte
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interacts w/ macrophage via antibody/antigen interaction- T-killer cells multiply, move to lymphatic system and kill virally infected cells
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memory cells
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some macrophages will become memory cells and will respond if the virus is encountered again
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B-cells (humoral response)
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interact (Ab/Ag) with macrophage, clones of B-cells, get chemical message from T-helper lymphocyte to produce antibodies
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T-helper lymphocyte
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send chemical message to b-cells to make ; these are the cells affected by AIDS -> b-cells can't make antibodies
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attachment of allergens on these cells results in the release of histamine
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mast cells
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Auto-immune disease- RNA complexes stimulate b-cells to make antibodies to the complexes (against own RNA)- complexes accumulate in skin and internal organs- tissue dammage, death
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lupus
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auto-immune disease- antibodies fromed against own IgG- immune complexes attache to cartilage in joint
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rheumatoid arthritis
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auto-immune disease- antibodies made against chemical groups on surface of pancreatic cells- cell mediated response to cells in pancreas
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juvenile diabetes
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autoimmune disease- antibodies to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal receptors made- lose motor nerve function
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myasthenia gravis
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autoimmune disease- antibodies made against CNS tissue- tissue dammage
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multiple sclerosis
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contact dermatitis
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haptens combine with patient's own proteins to form a new epitope- immune response to altered protein- usually a localized reaction where contact occured- ex. poison ivy/oak, cosmetics, metals (Ni), cosmetics
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antigen in tissue (important for transplantation)
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major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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Why does mother not reject fetus (it is foreign tissue)?
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sperm contains an antigenic signal that stimulates mother to make blocking antibodies which shield the fetus
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Rh factor- what, what % Rh +
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chemical group on red blood cells; 85% pop. Rh+
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pathogen which causes strep throat
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steptococcus pyogenes
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type of hemolysis that takes place on blood agar when pathogenic strep is present
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beta-hemolysis- complete destruction of blood cells (partial destruction is alpha, usually non-pathogenic)
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complications of strep throat
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otis media (ear infections), rheumatic fever (heart valves), acute glomerulonephritis (kidneys), septicemia (breaks down organ tissue)
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other infections caused by streptococcus pyogenes
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erysipeias (skin infections), childbirth fever, necrotizing fascitis (invasion of deep tissue, muscles, toxic shock and death- flesh eating bacteria)
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pathogen which causes diphtheria
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corynebacterium diphtheriae
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what diphtheria toxin does
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inhibits 80S ribosomes (shuts down protein synthesis), death from cardiac arrest
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how diphtheria is spread
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spread by individuals who have it in their throats, carriers; spread by mucous droplets from coughing and sneezing
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Pertussis (whooping cough)- pathogen and where it attaches
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bordatella pertussis (gram - rod), attaches to pili in throat cells
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Bacterial meningitis- organism responsibly for most severe type
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neisseria meningiditis (5% of pop. carriers)
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Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis
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spinal tap; look for gram - cocci
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treatment and problem with that treatment
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treated with antibiotics, problem because blood/brain barrier can prevent antibiotics from entering spinal column
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Haemophilus influenzae, who, what
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occurs in 80% of health individuals, serious in children 6 mo.- 6 yrs., can invade CNS to cause meningitis
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class of viruses that cause colds
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rhino viruses > 100 strains
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TB- pathogen
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mycobacterium tuberculosis, gram (+) rod; mycolic acid (wax) in cell wall
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how organism is spread
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inhalation of organism from an infected person
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how organism acts in body
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engulfed by phagocytes but can multiply in these cells and spread to other organ systems (ex. lymph)
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test for TB in US
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Mantoux skin test; tuberculin used, hypersensitivity of organism if patient has TB
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treatment of TB
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antibiotics, 2 given for at least 6 mo. (have to make sure people finish dose or surviving pathogens become resistant)
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Pneumonia- organism that causes 80% of bacterial pneumonia
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streptococcus pneumoniae
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"walking pneumonia" (primary atypical pneumonia)- pathogen
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mycoplasma pneumoniae (lacks cell wall, cannot be treated w/ penicillin)
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Legionnaire's Disease- pathogen and where found
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legionella pneumophilia- found in water towers, HVAC, shower heads, spray units in produce sections
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Botulism- 3 main causes
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72% - infants- given honey water
25%- home canning - baceterium is in soil 3%- cutaneous drug addicts |
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botulism- pathogen
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clostridium botulinum
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where found
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spores in soil, sewage, fertilizers, intestines of animals, fish, birds
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What does toxin do that is so dangerous?
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it inhibits the release of acetyl choline form nerve synapse, causes flaccid paralysis, can die of resp. or cardiac arrest
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staph food poisoning- most common type of food poisoning- pathogen (Toxin)
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toxin produced by staphylococcus aureus
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transmission of staph food poisoning
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food handlers w/ abscesses and boils
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where staph occurs on body in healthy individuals
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skin and in nose
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clostridial food poisoning- pathogen, where found
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clostridium perfringens; found in protein rich foods like meats , poultry, beans- bulging cans usually contain clostridium perfringens, produces a lot of gas, can may explode
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other problem caused by clostridium perfringens
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gas gangrene
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Typhoid fever- pathogen and transmission
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salmonella typhi (most dangerous of salmonella); transmission by 5 F's- fingers, food, fleas, feces, fomites
(treated with antibiotics so no more "Typhoid Mary's") |
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Salmonella food poisoning- main foods involved
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poultry (found in the intestinal tract of chickens) and eggs (and egg products)
most reported GI tract disease |
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E.Coli 0:157 H7- major outbreak, foods involved
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Jack in the Box (hamburgers), also can occur in mayonnaise, juicues (unpasteurized apple juice), dry cured salami, alfalfa sprouts
can also occur in pools, petting zoos |
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Where does E. Coli 0:157 H7 occur?
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intestinal tract of cows... cow manure
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organism responsible for 80-90% of gastric ulcers, how it enters stomach
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helicobacter; enters stomach on contaminated food, burrows into stomach wall through mucous lining to cause ulcer
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treatment of ulcers
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antibiotics- tetracycline, amoxicillin
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Listeria monocytogenes- where it occurs, how transmitted
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occurs in warm blooded animals (pets), transmitted by fecal contaimination
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foods affected by listeria
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soft cheeses, cold cuts, liver pastes, veggies, milk and milk products, poultry, sausage, hot dogs
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Brucellosis- affect on cows and humans
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brucella abortus (spontaneous abortion in cows), relapsing (Malta) fever in humans - can come from animal contact, contaiminated milk
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Rotaviruses
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most common in kids under 5, wheel-shaped under e- microscope, causes dehydration, fecal-oral route, diarrhea
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Norwalk virus
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shellfish may be a reservoir, recent problem on cruise ships, infects upper small intestine, infectious up to 3 weeks after epidemic, fecal-oral route
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Hepatitis A, what, how you get it
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infection of the liver; fecal-oral route; outbreaks from eating raw shellfish
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Hepatitis B and C- how spread
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both spread by tattooing needles, drug needles, piercing equip., razors, toothbrush
(B spread through sexual intercourse as well) |
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disease caused by Hep C
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liver disease, causes liver cancer
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Bacterial cystitis- infection of urinary bladder- pathogens
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80-90% caused by E. Coli from patient's intestinal tract
5-10% Klebsiells, proteus all gram (-) |
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urinary bladder infections from catheterization- 2 organisms responsible
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p. aeruginosa (gram -), enterrococcus faecalis (gram +, from intestinal tract)
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Candida Albicans
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causes yeast infections, more prevalent when taking antibiotics that kill normal flora in tract, during pregnancy and while using birth control b/c those increase amount of glycogen which is a nutrient for candida
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staphylococcal toxic shock- organism, outbreak
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caused by toxin produced by staph aureus, certain kind of tampon allowed bacterium to grow
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syphilis- organism, how seen
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treponema pallidum (pale turning thread), can only be seen w/ dark field microscopy
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3 stages of syphilis
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1- ulcer appears at site of entry
2- skin rash, flu-like symptoms 3- can invade CNS!(can cause mental illness) soft gummy lesions calles gummas develop |
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when can antibiotics be used to treat syphilis?
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only in stage 1 and 2
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Chlamydia trachamonis (reporting)
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most reported STD- referred to as silent b/c it occurs w/o obvious symptoms
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Gonorrhoea- reporting, organism responsible
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2nd most reported STD, caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae
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besides venereal disease, neisseria gonorrhea can cause...
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blindness in children
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Clostridium tetani- where found
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in the soil, in the intestines of animals (esp. horses)
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toxin produced by clostridium tetani and what it does to body
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toxin = tetanospasmin (2nd most deadly toxin), causes lock jaw (face 1st muscles affected) and prevents the relaxation of muscles
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spread of clostridum tetani
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tattooing needles, ear piercing, unsanitary cutting of umbilical cord in undeveloped countries (covered with dung)
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