Microbiology Exam Ii Part 2

Front 1

Pasteurization degrees/time

Back 1

63 degrees for 30 minutes
72 degrees for 15 seconds

Front 2

Cellular immunology 1884

Back 2

Metchnikoff

Front 3

Killed organisms - 1886

Back 3

Salmon and Smith

Front 4

Thick cell wall

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Gram positive

Front 5

peptidoglycan (murine)

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Gram positive

Front 6

Few extracellular molecules

Back 6

Gram positive

Front 7

teichoic acids and capsules

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Gram positive

Front 8

No LPS

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Gram positive

Front 9

Thinner cell membrane

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Gram negative

Front 10

periplasmic space

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Gram negative

Front 11

outer membrane

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Gram negative

Front 12

many extra cellular molecules (LPS, endotoxins)

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Gram negative

Front 13

Fungi, algae, protozoa are

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eucaryotes (diploid)

Front 14

Bacteria have NO _____

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mitochondria or nuclear membrane

Front 15

Asexual reproduction that forms two genetically identical progeny

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Binary fission or simple transverse division

Front 16

_______ organisms (e.coli) that have short _________, which means large number of
cells can be generated in a short time.

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Enteric organisms, generation time

Front 17

________ organisms (TB, lepry) have long generation times (weeks)

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microbacteria organisms

Front 18

can have many different arrangements of itself, i.e. clusters, tetrad

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Coccus (sphear)

Front 19

not as many different arrangements as Coccus

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Bacillus

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3 sub categories of morphology

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Spiral

Front 21

curved rod (vibriocholera). Can be flagellated

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Vibrio

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rigid, thin and tightly coiled. Does not bend (borrelia = relapsing
feaver)

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Spirillum

Front 23

less tightly coiled. Bends when moved. Syphilis, trepanema palena

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Spirochete

Front 24

interconnecting linkages to the main structure of the cell
wall, NAM and NAG (peptidoglycan portion) which are repeating.

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Pentapeptide

Front 25

________crosslinks formed perpendicular to cell wall

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Pentaglycine

Front 26

helps cell be rigid, not undergo lyses, maintain shape and size

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cell wall

Front 27

Membrane proteins account for the________ of the cell

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function

Front 28

controls the diffusion of materials and substances in to and
out of the cell.

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cell membrane

Front 29

(1) Inheritable characteristics of the cell and (2) controls metabolism of the cell

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plasmids

Front 30

may carry resistant agents

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plasmids

Front 31

bacteria ribosomes are different than __________ ribosomes

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mammilian

Front 32

endospore examples (2)

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bacillus (anthrax), clostridium (botulism, gangrene)

Front 33

_______ in the spore gives protection to it.

Back 33

dipicolinic acid

Front 34

endospores have a high _______ concentration, and a low ________ concentration

Back 34

calcium, water

Front 35

Spore is resistant to _________

Back 35

drying, heat (up to a point), and chemicals

Front 36

Inclusion granule

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storage area ex. amylopectin stored in excess

Front 37

Flagella is composed of

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protein called Flagellin (H antigen)

Front 38

Function – motility or movement

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flagella

Front 39

proteanous structure composed of pilin

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pili

Front 40

Sex pilus used in _______

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conjugation

Front 41

Somatic pili used

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primarily for attachment of host surfaces) – gonorrhea

Front 42

amorphous with variable thickness outside the cell wall

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Capsules

Front 43

Function – protection against phagocytosis of leukocytes

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Capsules

Front 44

The human nose contains

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staphylococcus aureus - opportunistic pathogen

Front 45

The potential diseases that S. aureus can cause include

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tissue infections or food borne illnesses.

Front 46

S. aureus can be selected by growth on _______

Back 46

mannitol salt agar - due to mannitol fermentation and the production of acid

Front 47

other flora from the nares are inhibited by the

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high salt concentration.

Front 48

The conversion of salt agar from ______ to _______ indicates the presence of S. aureus.

Back 48

reddish to bright yellow (pH change)

Front 49

selective and differential medium

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mannitol salt agar

Front 50

medium that detect beta hemolytic activity of nutrients

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Sheep blood agar plates

Front 51

Small white colonies without hemolysis or alpha hemolytic activity is typical of __________

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normal oral streptococci or potential pathogens like S. pneumoniae

Front 52

beta hemolytic activity is typical of

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lancefield A group A streptococci

Front 53

differential medium

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sheep blood agar ( throat)

Front 54

Non selective and non-differential

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trypticase soy agar plates (skin)

Front 55

Skin flora is typical of various _______

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staphylococcal, micrococcal, or streptococcal species. ALL NONPATHOGENIC (under normal conditions).

Front 56

Elements required by bacteria cells:

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C. HOPKNS Na CaFe Mg

Front 57

energy from light and carbon from CO2

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photoautotropic

Front 58

energy from inorganic compounds, methyl compounds, or hydrogen and carbon from CO2

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heteroautotrophs

Front 59

energy from the light and carbon from organic compounds

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photoheterotrophs

Front 60

energy and carbon from organic compounds

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chemoheterotrophs

Front 61

growth properties: 6

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1. Nutrient source
2. O2 requirement
3. temp
4. pH
5. salt concentration
6. osmophillic

Front 62

Grows in room temp - freezing

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psychrophile

Front 63

grows in room temp- extreme heat

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thermophile

Front 64

vast majority of bacteria grow in ________ ph enviornments

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neurtrophilic

Front 65

Halo tolerant

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tolerates salt

Front 66

generates ATP via membrane potential

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catabolism

Front 67

Heterotrophs and autotrophs can make the same intermediates

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TRUE

Front 68

Autotrophs can grow a lot ______

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slower

Front 69

Bacterial energy production by

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stripping of electrons and H+ off of various compounds with passage to a lower energy electron acceptor

Front 70

Must be regenerated for energy production

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NAD+ (electron carrier)

Front 71

The most favorable electron acceptor is _____

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O2

Front 72

The least favorable electron acceptor is ________

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acetate + CO2/ pyruvate

Front 73

Substrate level phosphorylation, anaerobic

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fermentation or glycolysis

Front 74

electron transport phosphorylation

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respiration (anerobic or aerobic)

Front 75

reduced intermediate of bacterial energy production

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TCA cycle

Front 76

NAD + is regenerated by the

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ETC

Front 77

If no TCA cycle,....

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you end up with a bunch of pyruvate derivatives

Front 78

Claustidium pyruvate product

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butyric acid

Front 79

Yeast pyruvate product

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ethanol

Front 80

Proteus pyruvate product

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CO2 + H2

Front 81

Propionbacterium pyruvate product

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propionic acid

Front 82

enterobacter pyruvate product

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2,3- butanediol

Front 83

sreptococcus Lactobacillus pyruvate product

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lactic acid

Front 84

acetobacterium pyruvate product

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acetic acid

Front 85

e. coli pyruvate product

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mixed acids:
CO2 + H2
Lactic acid
Acetic acid

Front 86

aerobic respiration found in

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aerobes, facultative anaerobes

Front 87

Anaerobic metabolism fermentation pathway

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glycolysis

Front 88

Anaerobic metabolism fermentation final e- acceptor

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organic molecules

Front 89

Respiration pathways

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Glycolysis, TCA, ETC

Front 90

Anaerobic respiration final electron acceptor

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NO3-, SO42-, CO33- (and various inorganic ions)

Front 91

anaerobic fermentation found in

Back 91

facultative, aerotolerant, strict anaerobes.

Front 92

Anaerobic fermentation products

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ATP, CO2, ethanol, lactic acid

Front 93

Anaerobic respiration products

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CO2, ATP, Oragnic acids, H2S, CH4, N2

Front 94

Aerobic respiration Products

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ATP, CO2, H20

Front 95

There is asymmetric division in an _________

Back 95

endospore

Front 96

organisms that thrive in the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide

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capnophillic

Front 97

organism that requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere

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microaerophilic

Front 98

Facultative anaerobe requires a change in __________

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pathways

Front 99

most oral bugs are ____________

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obligate fermentors - steptococci

Front 100

Aerobe enzymes

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superoxide dismutase and catalase

Front 101

aerotolerant anaerobes or obligate fermentative organism enzymes

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superoxide dismutase

Front 102

obligate anaerobe enzymes

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none

Front 103

All growth is ___________ controlled

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genetically

Front 104

bacterial DNA generally has a _________ life span

Back 104

long

Front 105

bacterial RNA generally has a _________ half life

Back 105

short

Front 106

RNA can serve as the information source in some _______

Back 106

viruses

Front 107

DNA replication is regulated by

Back 107

growth, energy

Front 108

Transcription is regulated by

Back 108

presence or absence of end product/substrates

Front 109

Translation is regulated by

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mRNA, AAs, end products

Front 110

Enzymatic synthesis is regulated by

Back 110

presence of substrates and cofactors

Front 111

Enzymatic activity is regulated

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pH, temp, substrate concentration

Front 112

Gene regulatory molecule binds to _______ to positively or negativly act on gene expression

Back 112

promoter

Front 113

lac operon

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negative regulation - normally on, binding shuts off expression

Front 114

arabinose operon

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positive regulation - normally off, binding allows for expression

Front 115

strain variation

Back 115

genetic variation occurring within the same gene

Front 116

What causes mutations?

Back 116

normal replication
radiation
chemicals

Front 117

mutations MUST effect _____

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DNA

Front 118

Effect of base changes:

Back 118

no effect - to - lethality

Front 119

Intracellular DNA donor gene transfers (2)

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gene cassette movement
transposon movement

Front 120

programmed rearrangement moves a different gene from a cassette into the expression locus. silent locus to expression locus

Back 120

gene cassette movement

Front 121

Jumps from original site to new site to insert into genes that effect growth. MUTAGEN ACTING

Back 121

transposons

Front 122

Extracellular DNA donor (genetic exchange between cells)

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transformation, transduction, conjugation

Front 123

histone-free DNA that is passed from cell to cell during a gene transfer

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naked DNA - transformation

Front 124

bacteriophage mediated

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Transduction

Front 125

involves F factor that incodes a sex pilus to tell if other ell is F+/F-, if F-, then exchange occurs so both cells are F+

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Conjugation

Front 126

Mutations and and phenotypes are expressed ________ and are subjected to selection pressures.

Back 126

immediately

Front 127

Genetic variation characteristics:

Back 127

antibiotic resistance
increased pathogenicity
development of new pathogens

Front 128

Formation of recombinant DNA- that allows for the production of high purity ciologicals for use in medicine - uses bacterial enzymes

Back 128

Gene cloning

Front 129

Mutations can lead to

Back 129

antibiotic resistance, adherence, virulence

Front 130

superficially located microflora that is easily removed

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transient microbes

Front 131

microflora that is deep in the interstices and removed with difficulty

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resident microbes

Front 132

Mechanical action is important bc:

Back 132

1. removes oil, sloughed skin cells, dirt
2. the number of bacteria present is reduced as some of them are washed away and there fore the antiseptic has less to do.

Front 133

antisepsis often follows the process of _________

Back 133

washing or cleaning

Front 134

Rinsing thoroughly after washing is important since some soaps or detergents inactivate some _________

Back 134

antiseptics.