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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Photoautotrophs get C and E from
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CO2 and Sunlight
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chemoautotrophs get C and E from
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CO2 and Inorganic molecules
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photoheterotrophs get C and E from
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organic molecules and sunlight
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chemoheterotrophs get C and E from
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organic molecules
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what toxic forms of O are created by cell metabolism?
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-superoxide
-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) -singlet O -hydroxyl radicals OH- |
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how do cells deal with toxic firms of O
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-catalase
-peroxidase |
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obligate aerobes
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need oxygen to grow
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obligate anaerobes
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cannot grow in O
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facultative anaerobes
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can grow with or without O
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microaerophiles
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grow with minimal O
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aerotolerant
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tolerate but don't use O
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bacterial cells divide by
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binary fission
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lag phase
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cell is acclimating to environment
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log phase
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cells are increasing in numbers
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stationary phase
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numbers of new cells equal number of dying cells
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decline phase
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cells decreasing in numbers
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factors that affect growth
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-temperature
-pH -osmotic pressure |
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cold and bacteria
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chemical reactions slow, growth slows
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heat and bacteria
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proteins denature
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psychrophiles
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-15-10
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facultative psychrophiles
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0-30
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mesophiles
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15-45
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thermophiles
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45-75
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extreme thermophiles
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75+
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alkalinophiles
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8+
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neutrophiles
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6.5~8
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acidophiles
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less than 6.5
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hypertonic
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external solute %is higher than cell
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isotonic
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external solute % is equal to cell
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hypotonic
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external solute % is lower than cell
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osmophiles
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adapted to live in hypertonic environments
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halophile
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live in salty environments
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extreme halophile
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20-30%higher than normal salt content
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halotolerant
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can exist in salty environments (up to 12%)
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necessary chemicals
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CHONPS
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refrigeration saves samples for
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weeks
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flash freeze saves samples for
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years
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dry freeze saves samples for
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more years
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disinfection
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killing or inhibiting growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects
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antisepsis
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disinfection of living tissue
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asepsis
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without contamination
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true sterilization
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kills everything
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commercial sterilization
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kills almost everything
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bacteria can be harmed by (5)
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-damaging cell wall
-change DNA/RNA -mess with enzymes -denature proteins -mess with ribosomes |
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pasteurization
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heated for short periods of time; primarily for foods
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radiation
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-ionizing (gamma, cosmic rays, x rays)
-non ionizing (UV) |
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UV rays damage
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cell DNA by binding two thymine into T-dimer
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depth membrane
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interwoven cellulose
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nucleopore
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laser-etched film
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what 7 methods control microbe growth
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-temperature
-pasteurization -radiation -filtration -refrigeration -desiccation -osmotic pressure |
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phenols
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carcinogen, disinfectant
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halogen
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iodine, chlorine, disinfectants & anti-septics
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metallic compounds
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mercury, copper
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alcohols
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antiseptics
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ammonia
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disinfectant
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aldehyde
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preservatives
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soaps & detergents
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wash away
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bacterial DNA shape
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circular
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helicase
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breaks apart template strands
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single-stranded binding protein
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keeps stands apart
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RNA primase
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enzyme, reads first few nucleotides then places RNA primers
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DNA polymerase
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makes complimentary strand
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stands come together in what order
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5->3
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DNA ligase
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bonds lagging strand pieces together, & closes circle & RNA primers
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order of DNA replication
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DNA transcription>mRNA translation>polypeptide folding>protein
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diversification occurs through (4)
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-mutations
-transformation -transduction -conjugation |
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types of mutations
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-nonsense
-missense -silent |
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nonsense mutation
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when a stop code is placed in DNA
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missense mutation
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a single amino acid is misplaced
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silent mutation
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an incorrect codon ends up producing a correct aa
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frame shift mutation
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one AA is added/deleted
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spontaneous mutation rate
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10^-6
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mutagens
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-radiation
-chemicals |
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transformation
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one cell DNA absorbs that of other
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transduction
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virus cells transport one cell's DNA to another
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F plasmid
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contains genes which instruct cell to produce pilus
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R plasmid
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enables cells to produce resistance enzymes & grow pilus
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V plasmid
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coder for chemicals which are toxic
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bacteriocin plasmid
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codes for chemicals which harm other bacteria
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physiological/dissimilation plasmid
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genes to break down complex molecules
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transposons
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jumping genes
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