Microbiology Exam 3: Virus Groups

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RNA viruses

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Contain an RNA polymerase, which makes vRNA that host ribosomes use as mRNA to make viral components

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Orthomyxoviruses

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- influenza viruses, spikes mutate frequently.

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Types A, B, & C (Orthomyxoviruses)

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Virus destroys the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract thus allowing secondary bacterial infection to enter. ~1-2 day incubation exposure.

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Type A (Orthomyxoviruses)

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strains are responsible for pandemics that occur at intervals of 10-20 years.

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B strains (Orthomyxoviruses)

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cause local outbreaks and epidemics less often

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Type C (Orthomyxoviruses)

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strains are rare. Pneumonia and ear infections are common secondary infections. A yearly vaccine, based on the predominant A and B strains, is about 70% effective.

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Type A (Orthomyxoviruses)

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Avian Influenza H5N1 – next pandemic? Current epidemic in birds. First human case occurred in 1997 in Hong Kong. Frequency increasing. All with close exposure to birds. 50% of infected humans die. 90% of those younger than 15 yrs. Resistant to common antivirals. Race to develop effective vaccine.

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Parainfluenza

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respiratory infections, milder than the flu, croup in children

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Corona virus

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Common colds and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) - first reported in China, mortality ~10%. One of three virus groups involved in the common cold

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Rhinoviruses

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most common colds, nasal passages are the modes of entry, can be shed for weeks. One of the three virus groups involved in the common cold. The rhinovirus is the most common cause of the cold.

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

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respiratory infection in children, milder in adults. Linked to ear infections in children. #1 cause of pneumonia in infants, highly contagious.

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Hepatitis A (HAV)

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– infectious hepatitis, fecal-to-oral route, short incubation (4 days)~1 month incubation, ~40% of people have been exposed, least dangerous form, preformed immunoglobulin can prevent 80-90% cases, supportive treatment only, liver damage can result. Vaccine available

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Hepatitis C

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transmitted via blood contact and body fluids. Blood transfusion transmittance is rare, though still possible, since screening began in 1990. Incubation 6 – 12 weeks. Many cases asymptomatic or mild initially. 85% become chronic – 20 yrs or more with 20% leading to cirrhosis or liver cancer.

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Hepatitis D

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(Delta virus - HDV) co-infection with Hepatitis B. Not seen in people by itself, usually paired with DBV

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Hepatitis E

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(HEV) fecal-to-oral route, new epidemics appearing in Asia, Africa, India, and Central America. Rare in the U.S.

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Hepatitis G

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transfusions and needle sticks, not conclusive to liver disease

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Rubeola

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measles - highly contagious, Koplik’s spots (red, white & blue spots in the mouth) are diagnostic, complications can be serious. Measles during pregnancy can result in spontaneous abortion or premature delivery often with fetal death. Vaccine available. Bad news in pregnant women.

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Rubella

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(German measles, 3-day measles) mild fever with rash, can cross placenta and cause congenital defects, especially during first trimester. Vaccine available. Bad news in pregnant women

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Mumps

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swelling of salivary glands. Meningitis follows in 10% of the cases. May cause sterility in adult males. Vaccine available

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Rotavirus

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the most common cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in children worldwide.

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Norwalk virus

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viral gastroenteritis. Coming out at both ends. Major problem on cruise ships

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Coxsackie virus

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- implicated in a number of conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome; viral heart disease; possibly insulin-dependent diabetes.

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Polio viruses

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A very large virus. can be mild -> moderate, fever and meningitis with recovery, or paralytic involving central motor neuron defects. Respiratory dysfunction can occur in older patients. Very stable virus. Two vaccines available.

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Yellow Fever

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transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitos, causes hemorrhaging in liver and kidneys, mortality 80%. Still endemic in Africa. Vaccine available for travelers.

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Dengue Fever

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most common mosquito-transmitted viral infection, hemorrhagic fever, mortality 5-30%, military vaccine available

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West Nile Virus

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carried by Culex pipens mosquito, feeds at night, likes stagnant cool water for breeding, symptoms mimic the flu, can include a rash. Supportive care only.

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Rhabdo virus

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rabies, bullet-shaped, found in most warm-blooded mammals, thought to be asymptomatic in bats. Length of incubation varies in animals. Usually long in humans therefore immune serum usually works when exposed.

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Bunya virus

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hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), transmitted by rodent excreta, saliva, or urine. After HIV and rabies, the most lethal virus in the U.S. Incubation 1-5 wks.

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Filo virus

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long, thread-like viruses that often take the shape of a fishhook, cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, spread by direct contact with infected blood

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Ebola virus (Filo virus)

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fatality 90%

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Marburg virus (Filo virus)

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fatality 25%

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Retroviruses

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unique!!!! contain enzyme - reverse transcriptase, which makes DNA from vRNA, inserts new DNA into host DNA. Most are not cytolytic, and may be expressed indefinitely. Many related to cancers.

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Lentiviruses

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typically have a long incubation period.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – usually results in AIDS, destroys H-helper cells thus devastating the immune system

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DNA Viruses

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Tend to be larger, can replicate in a greater variety of cells.

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Herpes Viruses

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- lytic -> latent, highly contagious.

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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1)- DNA Virus

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fever blisters, cold sores

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Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) - DNA Virus

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genital herpes, STD, higher risk for cervical
cancer among women, ½ of the genetic code of HSV-1 and HSV-2 are identical.

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Varicella-Zoster - DNA Virus

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chicken pox usually in children, shingles in adults

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - DNA Virus

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mild -> very severe in immunosuppressed patients, estimated that 80% of the U.S. population may carry the virus. In AIDS patients, can result in damage to the retina leading to blindness

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Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) - DNA Virus

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roseola. High fever followed by rash. Usually in children. Now seen in AIDS patients.

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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) - DNA Virus/Herpes

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infectious mononucleosis. Fever, chills, enlarged spleen. May be latent and reoccurring. Linked to cancer only found in central Africa.

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Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) - DNA Virus/Herpes

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probable cause of Kaposi sarcoma (purplish lesions on body ) in AIDS patients

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B virus - DNA Virus /Herpes

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Herpes-like virus, disease in Old World Monkeys, serious neurological symptoms. Primate keepers are at risk.

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Hepatitis B (HBV) - DNA Virus

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Lives in all body fluids. Extremely contagious. Frequently sexually transmitted. Many times the means of transmission is unknown. Incubation 4 wks - 6 months. No successful tissue culturing. Acute and chronic. Full recovery is slow. Carriers exist. Can lead to liver cirrhosis and cancer. A recombinant (genetically engineered) vaccine available.

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Adenovirus - DNA Virus

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ARD (acute respiratory disease) or common colds, also conjunctivitis (Pink Eye).

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Papova viruses - Human papillomavirus - DNA Virus

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cause benign skin warts, some connection to cancer. Genital warts (STD) - 90% of all cervical cancers associated with this. May be linked to various other cancers. CDC estimates that 7.5 million women between the ages of 14 and 24 carry this virus. Current vaccine protects against 4 strains (two wart-causing and two cancer-causing HPV strains) that are found to occur within 3.4% of women. Most HPV are benign strains that cause no symptoms and usually disappear on their own.

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Parvovirus- DNA Virus

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erythema infectiosum or Fifth disease – fever and “slapped-cheek” (rash on cheeks) syndrome, primarily children

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Pox viruses - DNA Virus

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largest viruses to infect humans

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Smallpox (Variola)- Pox Virus/DNA Virus

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death or severe disfigurement. Completely eradicated due to vaccine. Routine public vaccinations ceased in 1972. Last known infection in Somalia, Africa in 1977. #1 potential bioweapon threat.

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Vaccinia- DNA Virus

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Cowpox. Cross reacts with variola. Used in smallpox vaccine

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Monkey Pox - DNA Virus

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- contracted from animal bites such as rats, prairie dogs, lab monkeys