Microbiology Exam 3

Front 1

Genome

Back 1

The genetic information in a cell is called the ________

Front 2

Genes

Back 2

Segments of DNA that code for functional products

Front 3

Genotype

Back 3

The DNA of an organism, codes for all of its particular characteristics

Front 4

Phenotype

Back 4

Actual expressed properties from an organism's DNA, such as the ability to perform a certain chemical reaction

Front 5

Genetic code

Back 5

Set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to the amino acid sequence of a protein

Front 6

Expressed

Back 6

When the ultimate molecule for which a gene codes has been produced, the gene is _________

Front 7

Genotype

Back 7

This represents potential properties, but not the properties themselves, in an organism

Front 8

Enztmatic; structural

Back 8

In microbes, most proteins are either ________ or ________

Front 9

Constitutive genes

Back 9

Genes that are transcribed at a relatively constant level regardless of cell environmental conditions

Front 10

Epigenetic control

Back 10

The process by which eukaryotic and bacterial cells turn genes off by methylating certain nucleotides before they are passed to offspring

Front 11

Mutagen

Back 11

An agent such as radiation or chemical substance that causes genetic mutations

Front 12

Carcinogens

Back 12

Type of mutagen that causes cancer in animals

Front 13

Genetic recombination

Back 13

Refers to the exchange of genes between two molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome

Front 14

Vertical gene transfer

Back 14

This occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring

Front 15

Horizontal gene transfer

Back 15

Bacteria passing genes to others of the same generation

Front 16

Recombinant cell

Back 16

The recipient cell that incorporates donor DNA into its own DNA

Front 17

Bacteriophage or phage

Back 17

In the process of transduction, a virus that infects bacteria

Front 18

Transduction

Back 18

A mechanism of genetic transfer between bacteria, in which bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a virus

Front 19

Plasmid

Back 19

Self-replicating, gene-containing, circular pieces of DNA about 1-5% the size of a bacterial chromosome

Front 20

Transposons

Back 20

Small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another

Front 21

Biotechnology

Back 21

The use of microorganisms cells or cell components to make a product

Front 22

Recombinant DNA technology

Back 22

The insertion, deletion, or modification of genes, sometimes called genetic engineering

Front 23

Reverse transcriptase

Back 23

An enzyme used to synthesize complementary DNA from an mRNA template; used to produce artificial genes that contain only exons

Front 24

Complementary DNA

Back 24

Synthetic DNA in which the sequence of bases is complementary to that of a given example of DNA

Front 25

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

Back 25

A difference in homologous DNA sequences that can be detected by the presence of fragments of different lengths after digestion of the DNA samples in with specific restriction endonucleases

Front 26

Semiconservative

Back 26

Because each new DNA molecule contains an original and new strand, the process is __________

Front 27

Gyrase

Back 27

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

Front 28

DNA Ligase

Back 28

Makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; okazaki fragments and new segments in excision repair

Front 29

DNA Polymerase

Back 29

Synthesizes DNA; proofreads and repairs DNA

Front 30

Endonucleases

Back 30

Cut DNA Backbone in a strand of DNA; facilitate repair and insertions

Front 31

Exonucleases

Back 31

Cut DNA from an exposed end of DNA; facilitate repair

Front 32

Helicase

Back 32

Unwinds double-stranded DNA

Front 33

Methylase

Back 33

Ed's methyl group to selected bases in newly-made DNA

Front 34

Photolyase

Back 34

Uses visible light energy to separate uv-induced pyrimidine dimers

Front 35

Primase

Back 35

An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template

Front 36

Ribozyme

Back 36

RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together

Front 37

RNA polymerase

Back 37

Copies RNA from a DNA template

Front 38

snRNP

Back 38

RNA-protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together

Front 39

Topoisomerase

Back 39

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork; separates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication

Front 40

Transposase

Back 40

Cuts DNA backbone, leaving single stranded sticky ends

Front 41

DNA ligase

Back 41

Joins the discontinuous fragments of the lagging strand in DNA replication

Front 42

DNA Polymerase

Back 42

Digests RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

Front 43

DNA Polymerase

Back 43

__________ is responsible for proofreading capability of DNA during replication

Front 44

Transcription

Back 44

Genetic information in DNA is copied into a complementary base sequence of RNA

Front 45

Translation

Back 45

The use of information encoded in RNA to synthesize specific proteins

Front 46

(Ribosomal) rRNA

Back 46

Forms an integral part of ribosomes, the cellular machinery for protein synthesis.

Front 47

Messenger RNA

Back 47

Carries the coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized

Front 48

Promoter

Back 48

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at a site called the ________

Front 49

Terminator

Back 49

RNA synthesis continues until RNA polymerase reaches a site on the DNA called the _________

Front 50

Translation

Back 50

Decoding the language of nucleic acids and converting it into the language of proteins

Front 51

Codons

Back 51

Groups of three nucleotides such as AUG GGC or AAA, which are the language of messenger RNA

Front 52

Amino acid

Back 52

Each codon codes for a specific ________

Front 53

Stop codons

Back 53

UAA; UAG; UGA

Front 54

Start codons

Back 54

AUG

Front 55

Transfer RNA

Back 55

________ molecules both recognize the specific codons, and transport the required amino acids

Front 56

Anticodon

Back 56

Each TRNA molecule has a sequence of three bases that is complementary to a codon, called a _______. In this way, a TRNA molecule can base pair with its associated codon.

Front 57

Nucleus; cytoplasm or RER

Back 57

In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the _________, and translation occurs in the _________

Front 58

Exons

Back 58

The regions of DNA that are expressed in eukaryotic genes

Front 59

Introns

Back 59

The intervening regions of DNA that do not encode protein

Front 60

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

Back 60

Remove the introns and splice the exons together in eukaryotic cells

Front 61

RecA

Back 61

Gene responsible for recombination in prokaryotes (bacteria)

Front 62

RAD51

Back 62

Gene responsible for recombination in eukaryotes