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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Prokaryotes (domain bacteria) |
Phylum proteobacteria Phylum cyanobacteria Phylum spirochetes Phylum actinobacteria Phylum firmicutes |
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Phylum proteobacteria |
-gram negative -chemoheterotrophic Just as different as we are from worms Pretty diverse Use organic chemicals -extract nutrients and protein from food for energy Examples: nitrobacter, Rhizobum ^ --- nitrogen fixation - can take forms of nitrogen and degrade it... anything that's phoyosynthetic needs nitrogen |
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Enterics |
Intestinal microbes Ex.. Escherichia (e.coli - normal/important part, Salmonella, shigella) |
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Purple photosynthetic bacteria |
Anoxygenic photosynthesis---> use h2s ---> s2 Oxygenic photosynthesis--> plants and algae use h20 b/c they need hydrogen H2o ---> o2 |
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Phylum cyanobacteria |
Oxygen photosynthesis - same as plants and algae.. use h2o because they need hydrogen |
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Phylum spirochetes |
Treponema Syphilis Borrelia--> contains a species that causes Lyme disease |
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Phylum actinobacteria |
Mycobacterium -acid fast Corynebacterium- not acid fast (diphtheria Streptomyces- an actinomycete -produce antibiotics similar to fungi |
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Phylum firmicutes |
Clostridium Bacillus Staphylococcus Gram positive Toxin C. Botulinum--> botulism (food poisoning) blocks ach [nerve impulse] Botox- highly diluted good vs. Bad |
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Domain archae |
Similar morphology to bacteria -no nucleus, no organelles, rRNA is different No pathogens Potential industrial uses - ex... methanogens--> methanobacterium -methane producer.. in stomachs of cows -extremophiles Halobacterium- salt loving halophiles - Utah extreme locations Pyrococcus- hot springs- so acidic |
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Kingdom fungi- molds |
Two forms of fungi Molds and yeasts |
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Molds |
Multicellular Asexual and sexual spores Hyphae |
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Hyphae |
Vegetative (threadlike structure) and reproductive (spore structure) Septate- has crosswalks (separations) Nonseptate/Coenocytic hyphae- no clear line of separation between one cell and another |
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Yeasts |
Unicellular No hyphae -no filament Asexual only No spores |
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Mycelium |
Mass of hyphae |
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Thallus |
Body of the fungus Part under surface Ex. Mushrooms - can be miles of length |
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Reproduction molds |
Reproduce spores Asexual and sexual Teleomorphs- refers to molds that can reproduce asexually and sexually Anamorphs- only Asexual reproduction |
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Kingdom fungi - yeasts |
Nonfilamentous Unicellular Asexual reproduction -budding- copy DNA ; grow a new cell on top of the old one Eventually cracks off when gets big enough -fission- way bacteria tend to reproduce Dimorphism - fungi can exist as either a mold or a yeast depending on condition Ex. Yeast of a fungal species -candida albicans Microbe that caused yeast infection Normal microbiota Looks totally different outside of body than inside |
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Fungi classification |
Based on the type of sexual spores 3 phyla 1. Phylum zygomycota 2. Phylum ascomycota 3. Phylum basidiomycota |
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Phylum zygomycota |
Rhizopus Zygospored, Coenocytic hyphae |
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Phylum ascomycota |
Aspergillus, penicillum Ascospores, Septate, some yeasts |
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Phylum basidiomycota |
Mushrooms Basiodiospores, septate |
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Deuteromycota |
Classification of fungi .. has changed -old category - fungi with no observed sexual stage - most are anamorphs of ascomycotes or basidiomycetes |
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Lichens |
Symbiotic partnership between a green algae and a fungus Classified based on fungal partner (ascomycota) |
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Kingdom protista |
Algae Protozoa |
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Algae |
Single and multicellular Doesn't cause disease Sometimes causes disease in things we rely on for food Photosynthetic (most) Dinoflagellates - paralytic shellfish poisoning Oomycota- water molds (causing disease in potato blight ((plants)) ) |
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Protozoa |
Unicellular Animal like (chemoheterotrophic) Some human pathogens -plasmodium - malaria - entamoeba - amobeic dysentery |
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Kingdom animalia |
Helminths (parasitic animals) Two phyla - platyhelminthes Tapeworms Flukes Nematoda Pinworms And trichinella Arthropods Vectors -insects and arachnids Vertebrates Reservoirs -mammals, birds, and reptiles |
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Viral characteristics |
-obligate intracellular parasites -contains DNA, or RNA -not both Lack cellular structure Nonliving? On the verge... an organism but not living in the same way as everything else |
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Host range |
Spectrum of host cells a virus can infect Most are specific to one cell type in one species |
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Size and shape |
100x smaller than bacterial cell E. Coli 3000x1000 nm Polio virus 30nm Ebola virus 970nm |
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Vital structure |
Common structure -nucleic acid core -capsid- coating around virus -composed of protein subunits called capsomeres |
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Additional structures |
-envelopes phospholipids (not plasma membrane) -has same chemical but not same function Naked vs. Enveloped Spikes- made up of glycoprotein -carbohydrate mixture (act as disguise or can stick) |
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General morphology |
Helical polyhrdral Enveloped, complex |
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Viral replication |
Bacteriophage as an example Lytic cycle |
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Lytic cycle |
Results in cell death 5 stages 1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Biosynthesis 4. Maturation 5. Release |
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Attachment |
Virus attaches to cell Sticks to surface |
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Penetration |
Viral genetic material enters the cell |
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Biosynthesis |
Your cell begins to give out instructions by making parts |
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Maturation |
Parts are brought together to make viruses |
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Release |
Escape from cell |