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40 Cards in this Set

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Prokaryotes (domain bacteria)

Phylum proteobacteria


Phylum cyanobacteria


Phylum spirochetes


Phylum actinobacteria


Phylum firmicutes

Phylum proteobacteria

-gram negative


-chemoheterotrophic


Just as different as we are from worms


Pretty diverse


Use organic chemicals -extract nutrients and protein from food for energy


Examples: nitrobacter, Rhizobum


^ --- nitrogen fixation - can take forms of nitrogen and degrade it... anything that's phoyosynthetic needs nitrogen


Enterics

Intestinal microbes


Ex.. Escherichia (e.coli - normal/important part, Salmonella, shigella)

Purple photosynthetic bacteria

Anoxygenic photosynthesis---> use h2s ---> s2



Oxygenic photosynthesis--> plants and algae use h20 b/c they need hydrogen


H2o ---> o2

Phylum cyanobacteria

Oxygen photosynthesis - same as plants and algae.. use h2o because they need hydrogen

Phylum spirochetes

Treponema


Syphilis


Borrelia--> contains a species that causes Lyme disease

Phylum actinobacteria

Mycobacterium -acid fast


Corynebacterium- not acid fast (diphtheria


Streptomyces- an actinomycete -produce antibiotics similar to fungi


Phylum firmicutes

Clostridium


Bacillus


Staphylococcus


Gram positive



Toxin


C. Botulinum--> botulism (food poisoning) blocks ach [nerve impulse]


Botox- highly diluted good vs. Bad

Domain archae

Similar morphology to bacteria


-no nucleus, no organelles, rRNA is different



No pathogens



Potential industrial uses


- ex... methanogens--> methanobacterium -methane producer.. in stomachs of cows



-extremophiles


Halobacterium- salt loving halophiles - Utah extreme locations



Pyrococcus- hot springs- so acidic


Kingdom fungi- molds

Two forms of fungi


Molds and yeasts

Molds

Multicellular


Asexual and sexual spores


Hyphae

Hyphae

Vegetative (threadlike structure) and reproductive (spore structure)


Septate- has crosswalks (separations)


Nonseptate/Coenocytic hyphae- no clear line of separation between one cell and another

Yeasts

Unicellular


No hyphae -no filament


Asexual only


No spores

Mycelium

Mass of hyphae

Thallus

Body of the fungus


Part under surface


Ex. Mushrooms - can be miles of length

Reproduction molds

Reproduce spores


Asexual and sexual


Teleomorphs- refers to molds that can reproduce asexually and sexually


Anamorphs- only Asexual reproduction

Kingdom fungi - yeasts

Nonfilamentous


Unicellular


Asexual reproduction


-budding- copy DNA ; grow a new cell on top of the old one


Eventually cracks off when gets big enough



-fission- way bacteria tend to reproduce



Dimorphism - fungi can exist as either a mold or a yeast depending on condition



Ex. Yeast of a fungal species


-candida albicans


Microbe that caused yeast infection


Normal microbiota


Looks totally different outside of body than inside

Fungi classification

Based on the type of sexual spores


3 phyla


1. Phylum zygomycota


2. Phylum ascomycota


3. Phylum basidiomycota

Phylum zygomycota

Rhizopus


Zygospored, Coenocytic hyphae

Phylum ascomycota

Aspergillus, penicillum


Ascospores, Septate, some yeasts

Phylum basidiomycota

Mushrooms


Basiodiospores, septate

Deuteromycota

Classification of fungi .. has changed


-old category


- fungi with no observed sexual stage


- most are anamorphs of ascomycotes or basidiomycetes

Lichens

Symbiotic partnership between a green algae and a fungus


Classified based on fungal partner (ascomycota)

Kingdom protista

Algae


Protozoa


Algae

Single and multicellular


Doesn't cause disease


Sometimes causes disease in things we rely on for food


Photosynthetic (most)


Dinoflagellates


- paralytic shellfish poisoning


Oomycota- water molds (causing disease in potato blight ((plants)) )

Protozoa

Unicellular


Animal like (chemoheterotrophic)


Some human pathogens


-plasmodium


- malaria


- entamoeba


- amobeic dysentery

Kingdom animalia

Helminths (parasitic animals)


Two phyla


- platyhelminthes


Tapeworms


Flukes


Nematoda


Pinworms And trichinella


Arthropods


Vectors


-insects and arachnids


Vertebrates


Reservoirs


-mammals, birds, and reptiles


Viral characteristics


-obligate intracellular parasites


-contains DNA, or RNA -not both


Lack cellular structure


Nonliving? On the verge... an organism but not living in the same way as everything else

Host range

Spectrum of host cells a virus can infect


Most are specific to one cell type in one species


Size and shape

100x smaller than bacterial cell


E. Coli 3000x1000 nm


Polio virus 30nm


Ebola virus 970nm

Vital structure

Common structure


-nucleic acid core


-capsid- coating around virus


-composed of protein subunits called capsomeres

Additional structures

-envelopes phospholipids (not plasma membrane) -has same chemical but not same function


Naked vs. Enveloped


Spikes- made up of glycoprotein -carbohydrate mixture (act as disguise or can stick)


General morphology

Helical polyhrdral


Enveloped, complex

Viral replication

Bacteriophage as an example


Lytic cycle

Lytic cycle

Results in cell death


5 stages


1. Attachment


2. Penetration


3. Biosynthesis


4. Maturation


5. Release

Attachment

Virus attaches to cell


Sticks to surface

Penetration

Viral genetic material enters the cell

Biosynthesis

Your cell begins to give out instructions by making parts

Maturation

Parts are brought together to make viruses

Release

Escape from cell