Microbiology Exam 2

Front 1

What is a Redox Reaction?

Back 1

Any metabolic reaction involving the transfer of electrons from an electron donor to a electron acceptor.

Front 2

What happens during a reduction reaction?

Back 2

Electrons are accepted thus, reducing the over all charge

Front 3

What happens during a oxidation reaction?

Back 3

The electron donor is oxidized?

Front 4

OILRIG

Back 4

Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain.

Front 5

What is activation energy?

Back 5

The amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical reaction.

Front 6

Coenzyme

Back 6

Organic cofactor

Front 7

Obligate Aerobe

Back 7

Microorganism which requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.

Front 8

Facultative Aerobe

Back 8

Microorganism which can live with or without oxygen.

Front 9

Obligate Anaerobe

Back 9

Microorganism which cannot tolerate oxygen and uses a final electron acceptor other than oxygen.

Front 10

Barophile

Back 10

Microorganism requiring the extreme hydrostatic pressure found at great depth below the surface of water.

Front 11

Psychrophile

Back 11

Microorganism requiring cold temperatures below 20 degrees celcius.

Front 12

Mesophile

Back 12

Microorganism requiring temperatures ranging from 20 degrees C to 40 degrees C.

Front 13

Thermophile

Back 13

Microorganism requiring temperatures over 45 degrees celciums

Front 14

Hyperthermophile

Back 14

Microorgansim requiring termeratures above 80 degrees C.

Front 15

Halophile

Back 15

Microorganism requiring a saline environment(greater than 9 % NaCl) live in marine environments can tolerate high salt concentrations.

Front 16

Broth Culture

Back 16

A liquid, nutrient rich medium used for cultivating microorganisms.

Front 17

Pour Plate

Back 17

Method of culturing microorganisms in which colony forming units are separated from one another using a series of dilutions

Front 18

Streak Plate

Back 18

Method of culturing microorganisms in which a sterile inoculating loop is used to spread an inoculum across the surgace of a solid medium in Petri dishes.

Front 19

What are the 4 stages of microbial population growth?

Back 19

Lag, Log, Stationary and Death

Front 20

Lag Phase

Back 20

The population remains at the same number as the bacteria become accustomed to their new environment. Metabolic activity is taking place, and new cells are being produced to ofset the ones that are dying.

Front 21

Log (logarithmic) Phase

Back 21

Bacterial growth occurs as its optimal level and the population doubles rapidly. The population is a its metabolic peak. Research experiments are often performed at this time

Front 22

Stationary Phase

Back 22

The reproduction of bacterial cells is offset by their death, and the population reaches a plateau.

Front 23

Death (Decline) Phase

Back 23

The bacteria die off rapidly, the curve turns down, and the last cell in the population dies.

Front 24

Selective Media

Back 24

Culturing medium containing substances that either favor the growth of paticular microorganisms or inhibit the growth of unwanted ones.

Front 25

Defined Media

Back 25

Culturing medium of which the exact chemical composition is know.

Front 26

Differential Media

Back 26

This media provides environments in which different bacteria can be distinguished from one another.

Front 27

Transport Media

Back 27

A special type of medium used to move clinical specimens from one location to another while preserving the relative abundunce of organisms and preventing contamination of the specimen or environment.

Front 28

Complex Media

Back 28

Culturing medium that contains nutrients released by the partial digestion of yeast, beef, soy, or other proteins; thus the exact chemical composition is unknown.

Front 29

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic chromosomes?

Back 29

1. Contains DNA and associated proteins, but much less protein then Eukaryotic chromosomes.

2. Chromosome consists of nucleoid (an irregularly-shaped regeion, electron-dense, and not enclosed be a membrane.)

3. Chromosome, when stretched out, is a circular loop attached to the inside of the plama membrane, about 1000x the lenghth of the cell.

4. contain only 1 chromosome rarely 2.

5. Only 1 copy

Front 30

What is a plasmid?

Back 30

A small, cirular molecule of DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome. Each carries genes for its own replication and often for one or more nonessential function such as resistance to antibiotics.

Front 31

What is the Ames test used for?

Back 31

Method of screening mutagens that is commonly used to identify potential cacinogens.

Front 32

Transcription

Back 32

Process in which the genetic code from DNA is copied as RNA nucleotide sequences.

Front 33

Translation

Back 33

Process in which the sequence of genetic information carried by mRNA is used by ribosomes to construct polypeptides with specific amino acid sequences.

Front 34

Transduction

Back 34

Method of horizontal gene transfer in which DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a relicating virus.

Front 35

Transformation

Back 35

Method of horizontal gene transfer in which a recipient cell take up DNA from the environment.

Front 36

What is Recombinant DNA Technology?

Back 36

Type of biotechnology in which scientists change the genotypes and phenotypes of organisms.

Front 37

Reverse Transcriptase

Back 37

Complex enzyme that allows retroviruses to make dsDNA from RNA templates

Front 38

Complementary DNA

Back 38

DNA synthesized from an mRNA template using reverse transcriptase.

Front 39

Recombinant DNA

Back 39

Cell resulting from genetic recombination between donated and recipient DNA

Front 40

Restriction Enzyme

Back 40

Enzyme which cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences and is used to produce recombinant DNA molecules.

Front 41

Name 3 common inorganic electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration.

Back 41

Nitrate, (NO3-), Nitrite (NO2-), Nitrous oxide (N2O).