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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are examples of emerging infectious diseases?
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West Nile, Avian Influenza, Mad Cow, IGAS, CJD, AIDS, HIV, E.coli, encephalitis, SARS
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What are Koch's postulates?
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series of experimental steps directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
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What are the differences between starch and cellulose?
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Starch- storage molecule
Cellulose- structural molecule |
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What are the similarities between starch and cellulose?
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both found in plants, both made up of only glucose
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In the compound sodium chloride, which element is the cation, which is the anion?
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sodium = cation
chloride = anion |
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What is an ionic bond?
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a bond formed between ions through the transfer of electrons from one to another
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Who disproved spontaneous generation?
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Pasteur
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Difference between antibiotic and synthetic drug?
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antibiotic- chemicals produced naturally from bacteria that fight against other bacteria.
synthetic drug- agents prepared from chemicals in a lab that are more poisonous to the bacteria than to the host affected with it. |
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Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?
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cytoplasm
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Name the organelle where ATP is generated.
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mitochondria
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What are the monomer units in nucleic acids?
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nucleotides
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Name the 3 components that make up the monomers of nucleic acids.
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sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
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Name all the differences between DNA/RNA.
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DNA- double stranded, linear, thymine, H+
RNA- single stranded, loop, uracil, OH- |
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Difference between glycosidic bond and a peptide bond?
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glycosidic- sugar covalent bond, goes through dehydration synthesis
peptide- Amino acids linked together |
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Difference between single covalent bond vs. double covalent bond?
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single- shares 1 electron
double- shares 2 electrons |
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What is the difference between a nonpolar covalent bond vs. a polar covalent bond?
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nonpolar- hydrophobic, electrons shared equally, no charge
polar- hydrophilic, electrons shared unequally, charge distribution |
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Who discovered penicillin?
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Alexander Fleming
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Who coined the term "cell"
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Robert Hooke
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In the Gram Stain procedure, what is the primary stain?
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Crystal violet
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In the Gram Stain procedure, what is the secondary stain?
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safranin
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What is the unique material in the bacterial cell wall?
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peptidoglycan
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What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?
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protection, gives shape, controls what goes in/out
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If a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what happens to the plant cell?
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becomes bloated (turgid)
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What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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prokaryotic- no nucleus, no organelles, bacteria, archaea, DNA single strand loops, small ribosomes, peptidoglycan cell wall
eukaryotic- true nucleus, many organelles, eukarya, DNA double stranded, large ribosomes, no peptidoglycan cell wall |
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Who saw microorganisms under the microscope and called them "animalcules"
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Anton Van Leeowenhoek
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What is the Germ Theory of Disease
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theory that germs cause disease, microorganisms have similar relationships with plants & animals
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What are hydrogen bonds?
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(+) and (-) charges interacting
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What is the unifying characteristic of lipids?
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All are hydrophobic
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What are the four different structural levels of proteins?
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primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
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What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
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plant- chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole
animal- flagella, lysosomes, extracellular matrix, centrioles |
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function of the golgi complex
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storage, transportation out
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function of smooth ER
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storage & synthesizes phospholipids, fats, lipids
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function of nucleoid region
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DNA condensed in cytoplasm
no golgi/mitochondria in prokaryotic cell |
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function of chloroplast
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algae/green plant organelle
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function of pili
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used for attachment, especially during DNA transcription
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function of nucleus
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houses DNA
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function of cell membrane
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controls what goes in/out
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function of plant cell wall
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gives shape, protection, where you find cellulose
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function of nucleopores
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holes allow for molecules into nuclear membrane
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function of rough ER
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synthesis secretes proteins, membrane molecules continuous with nucleus
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function of ribosomes
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protein synthesis
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function of lysosomes
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formed in golgi, digestive enzymes for breaking down molecules
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function of capsule
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made of protein/sugar, tight fitting
protect, keep moisture |
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function of mitochondria
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ATP made here
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function of nucleolus
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RNA synthesis
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function of central vacuole
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water storage, feed cell, get rid of waste, make food
(found in plants) |
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function of centrioles
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protein, cell division, not organelles
(found in animals) |
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function of flagella
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motility (optional) in animals
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what are the 3 bacterial morphologies?
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coccus, bacillus (rods), spirals
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what are the differences between a Gram (+) vs. a Gram (-) cell wall?
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Gram (+): thick layer peptidoglycan; techoic acids
Gram (-): thin layer peptidoglycan; 2nd outer membrane has a high lipid content; contains sugars, lipid A, periplasmic space |
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what is the color of a Gram (+) bacterium?
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purple
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what is the color of a Gram(-) bacterium?
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reddish pink
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what are the monomer units of carbohydrates?
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monosaccharides
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what is the difference between starch and glycogen?
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starch- found in plants
glycogen- found in animals |
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what are the similarities between starch and glycogen?
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both made of only glucose, both used for storage
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what is the difference between Dehydration Synthesis and a Hydrolysis Reaction?
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dehydration synthesis- to link sugars, must remove water molecule
hydrolysis- to use a monosaccharide, must add on a water molecule |
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what bacteria is acid-fast (+)?
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mycobacterium (reddish pink)
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who was concerned with contamination during surgical procedures?
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Joseph Lister. responsible for aeseptic techniques
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what are isomers?
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same molecular formula, different structural formula
ex: glucose, fructose |
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what are the subatomic particles in an atom?
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nucleus- protons, neutrons
orbitals- electrons |
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define atomic number.
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number protons or number electrons
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define atomic weight.
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number protons + number neutrons
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which subatomic particle has a (+) charge?
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proton
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which subatomic particle has a (-) charge?
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electron
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which subatomic particle has no charge?
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neutron
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what is an isotope?
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more or less neutrons than the most abundant form of the element
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define compound.
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2 or more different atoms
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what is the max number of electrons the first orbital can hold?
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2
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what is the max # of electrons the 2nd, 3rd orbitals hold?
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8
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what are inert elements?
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last column in periodic table, they don't interact with other elements because they contain the max # of electrons in the outermost orbital
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difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic?
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hydrophobic- water fearing
hydrophilic- water loving |
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define solute, solvent, solution
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solute- dissolving substance
solvent- liquid solute goes in solution- combination of both |
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define aqueous solution
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if solvent is water, its aqueous; measures PH
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what element defines an organic compound?
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carbon
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what are the functions of simple lipids?
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insulation, cushioning, storage for glucose
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what are the components of fats?
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triose. glycerol, fatty acids chains
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what are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?
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saturated- packed tight; solid at room temp
unsaturated- packed loose (double bonds); liquid at room temp |
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what conditions would denature proteins?
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heat, acids, chemicals
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what are the monomers of proteins?
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amino acids
all have amino group and carboxyl |
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there are 20 different monomers of proteins. what makes each of them different?
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R side groups
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name examples of steroids.
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estrogen, testosterone, cholesterol
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what is the importance of phospholipids (aka complex lipids)?
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basis of cell membrane
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define hexose
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monosaccharide and 6 carbons
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difference between glucose and lactose?
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glucose- monosaccharide
lactose- disaccharide |
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name examples of polysaccharides made up of only glucose molecules.
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glycogen, starch, cellulose
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name 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA and pair together.
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adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
A-T C-G G-C T-A |
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name 4 nitrogenous bases in RNA and pair together.
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adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil
A-U C-G G-C U-A |
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what are the 3 different types of RNA molecules?
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messenger- mRNA
transfer- tRNA ribosomal- rRNA |
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who was the 1st to vaccinate against smallpox?
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Edward Jenner (used cowpox)
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name an example of a compound with nonpolar covalent bonds.
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methane
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name an example of a compound with polar covalent bonds.
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water
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name an example of a molecule
with nonpolar covalent bonds. |
hydrogen gas
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name an example of a molecule with a double covalent bond.
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oxygen
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what is a hydrocarbon?
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hydrogen and carbon molecule; varies in length, shape, arrangement, location
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if a solution is acidic, its pH is > 7 or < 7
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< 7
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if a solution is acidic, its concentration of H+ to OH- is higher or lower?
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H+ high
OH- low |
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what are the 3 domains of organisms on earth?
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archaea, bacteria, eukarya
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what are the 4 kingdoms under the domain of eukaryotic organisms?
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protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
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what are example of organisms in each kingdom?
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protista- amoeba
fungi- mold, yeast, mushrooms plantae- trees animalia- humans |
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what is a bacterial endospore?
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resting cells; dormant form of bacillus
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name the genera of bacteria that form endospores.
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clostridium and bacillus
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what is the periplasmic space?
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region of a Gram (-) cell wall between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane; storage area
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difference between hemolysis and crenation?
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hemolysis- bursting
crenation- shrinking |
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name examples of monosaccharides
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glucose, fructose, galactose
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name examples of disaccharides
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sucrose, lactose
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what is the purpose of functional groups?
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make molecules hydrophilic, give them new properties, orangize them so they can interact with each other
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what are the differences between passive vs. active transport?
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passive- no energy required, move with the gradient
active- energy required, move against the gradient, requires a transport protein |
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what are examples of passive transport?
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simple and facilitative transport
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what are examples of active transport?
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sodium potassium pump
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what is the difference between a simple stain and a differential stain?
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simple- one dye
differential- many dyes |
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which group of bacteria has lipopolysaccharide?
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Gram (-) cell wall made of sugar and endotoxin
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what is plasmolysis?
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shrinking of cell cytoplasm due to a loss of water
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what is the difference between endocytosis vs. exocytosis?
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endo- material moved into cell
exo- material moved out of cell |
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difference between phagocytosis vs. pinocytosis?
similarities? |
phago- cell eating
pino- cell drinking in both the cell membrane changes shape in order to engulf substances to bring in or out of the cell |
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what is the importance of buffers?
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maintain pH
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what is protein conformation?
why is it important? what level do most stop at? |
protein conformation= shape
the shape of folding polypeptides gives proteins their function most stop at 3rd level of folding |
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what are complementary bases?
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DNA:
adenine-thymine cytosine-guanine RNA: adenine-uracil cytosine-guanine |
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which of the 3 bonds are strong bonds? which is weak?
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strong- ionic, covalent bonds
weak- hydrogen bonds |
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what is a covalent bond?
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bond where electrons are shared between 2 atoms
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what is a hydrogen bond?
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(+) and (-) charges interacting
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