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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is microbiology the study of? |
Study of organisms to small to be seen with the naked eye |
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What are the requirements for autoclaving something? |
121 degrees C 30 minutes 18 psi |
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How many species of bacteria are pathogenic? |
approx 70 |
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what are the classes of microbes? |
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, and viruses |
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Name the 5 branches of microbiology and the area of study |
Bacteriology- study of bacteria mycology- study of fungi virology- study of viruses algology- study of algae protozoology- study of protozoans |
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What is the name for the symbol of modern medicine? |
Rod of asclepius |
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Who discovered the differences in the chemical composition of a polysaccharide in the cell walls of pathogenic streptococci? |
Rebecca Lancefield |
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what does pyogenes mean? |
Pus infection |
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When were the first microbes absorbed and by whom? |
Van Leewenhook in 1673 using the first microscope |
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What did Robert Hooke find? |
He found that living things have cells. |
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Who is Louis Pasteur? |
He is known as the father of microbiology |
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Who first did surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol and what did they discover? |
Joseph Lister and he found that microbes caused surgical wound infections |
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what is fermentation? |
The conversion of sugar into alcohol |
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what is pasteurization? |
The application of high heat for a short period of time to kill harmful things in beverages. |
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what is spontaneous generation, and who disproved it? |
the hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter and that a vital force is necessary for life. Louis Pasteur disproved this though. |
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What is Biogenesis? |
The hypothesis that living cells arise only from pre-exsisting cells. Widely accepted. |
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How was pasteur lucky in his experiment? |
He was lucky because some microorganisms can survive high heat. Endospores through the process of germination. |
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What is KOCH's postulates? |
1.The same pathogen must be presentin every case of the disease.2.The pathogen must be isolated fromthe diseased host and grown in pure culture.3.The pathogen from the pure culturemust cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptiblelaboratory animal.4.The pathogen must be isolated fromthe inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism. |
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Who was Edward Jenner and what did he do? |
He was the first to do a vaccination by inoculating a person with cowpox virus to protect against small pox. |
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Where did the penicillin vaccine come from? |
Alexander fleming who found that penicillium fungus killed stapylococcus Aureus. An Accident. |
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What is a nosocomial infection? |
A hospital acquired infection |
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What is CD4 and why is it important? |
CD4 means clusters of differentiation and HIV targets this. |
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How does penicillin work? |
It works by attacking the peptidoglycan in cell walls. |
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What are the 3 Domains and who developed them? |
Developed by Woese Eukarya- animals, plants, fungi Bacteria Archaea- methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles |
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What are methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles? |
Produce methane, survive high salt, and live in 80 degrees C or higher |
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Characteristics of Fungi? |
-Eukaryotes with distinct cell walls - chitin cell wall -absorb organic chemicals for energy -yeasts are unicellular -molds and mushrooms are multicellular |
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What are hyphae? |
molds consists of masses of mycelia which are composed of filaments called hyphae. |
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What is the name for bread mold? |
Sporangia |
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Where does the name E.coli come from? |
Escherichia from Theodor Escherich
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What is resistance and how does it work? |
The ability of the body to ward off disease through competition inhibition. Skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals are examples |
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What is a biofilm and where are they found? |
A layer of polysaccharides and microorganims that can cause infection and are resistant to antibiotics. They attach to solid surfaces and grow in masses. |
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Where are some places that normal microbiota found? |
-Skin -Colon -Upper respiratory tract -mouth |
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The name for pairs of prokaryotic cells? |
diplococchi, diplobacilli |
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The name for clusters of prokaryotic cells? |
staphylococchi |
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The name for chains of prokaryotic cells? |
streptococchi and streptobacilli |
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The name for cubelike groups of 8 of prokaryotic cells? |
Sarcinae |
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What are the three basic shapes? |
-Bacillus -Coccus -Spiral |
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Name the three basic arrangements |
-Diplo -Stapylo -Strepto |
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Name the different motility ways. |
ability to move via flagella spirochete have axial filaments |
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How do axial filaments work? |
They wrap around the cell and move in a corkscrew manner |
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What is a brownian motion? |
Shaking in place |
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What are the three types of staining? |
Simple Special (Capsule) Differential( Gram) |
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Name the different types of oxygen requirements? |
-Aerobic- oxygen -Anaerobic- w/ out oxygen -Facilitative- w/ or w/out O2 prefer O2 - Microaerophillic- prefer less O2 than normal amnt |
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What are inclusions used for? |
Storage |
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What is the pilus for? |
involved in moving and DNA transfer |
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what are the fimbriae for? |
Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment |
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What is the glycocalyx? |
The capsule, it is external to the cell wall and it is viscious and gelatinous. The capsule is neatly organized &firmly attached The slime layer is unorganized and loose -not all have, but those that do are more resistant to immune system -capsules prevent phagocytosis |
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What is the flagella for? |
Allow bacteria to move to or from stimuli(taxis) tumble clockwise and run counterclockwise Filament: outer most region Hook: attached to filament Baseal Body:anchor flagellum to cell wall and membrane GRAM + has two rings GRAM - has four rings |
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What is chemotaxis? |
Moving to get food or escape threat |
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What are cilia used for? |
Used for movement. short projections |
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What is the cytoplasm used for? What are the different parts of it? |
It is the gut of the cell and it is the substance inside the plasma membrance. It is 80% H20 + protein,carb, lipid,ions. cytosal- fluid portion of cytoplasm cytoskeleton- gives shape and support |
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What is the nucleiod? |
Bacterial chromosome - no nuclear membrane -usually single (haploid) -usually circular - double stranded DNA -divide by binary fission |
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What is the nucleus and where is it? |
It is double membrane structure that contains DNA found in Euakaryotes only. During mitosis and meiosis chromation condenses into chromosomes |
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What are plasmids? |
Extra chromosomal genetic info. Non crucial genes |
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What are the ribosomes and what are the differences between them in pro and eukaryotes? |
The site of protein synthesis. 70S in prokaryotes( 30S+50S) AND 80S in eukaryotes ( 50S+ 40S) S=svedburg |
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Who developed the gram stain? What are the types and the characteristics of them? |
Christian Gram in 1884. There is gram positive and gram negative. Gram positive has more peptidoglycan than gram negative. |
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how is tuberculosis caught? |
In the sinus cavity |
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Mycoplasm cell walls? |
Lack cell wall sterol in plasma membrane |
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Archaea cell walls? |
wall less or walls of pseudomurein |
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what is a chromatospore? |
photosynthetic pigments on foldings |
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uniport |
transport one type of molecule |
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antiport |
transport two types of molecules at a time |
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symbort |
transport two types of molecules at a time. coupled with uniport channels |
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bacillus anthracis causes what? |
Causes wool sorters disease through anthrax. Aerobic |
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clostridium botulinum |
Anaerobic -botulism -problem w/ food preservation -toxin causes flacid paralysis -Botox -sudden infant death syndrome |
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clostridium tetani |
-tetanus -endospores get into deep puncture wounds -toxin prevents relaxation of muscle -DPT vaccine |
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clostridium perfringens |
-gas -organism grows in tissue with bad blood supply -toxin kills cells -necrosis-death of tissue treatment=oxygenation |
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Rickettsia |
-obligate intracellular parasite -given to humans by vectors-ticks -damage to cardiovascular system -spotted rash -rocky mountain spotted fever |
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Chlamydia |
-obligate intracellular parasite -#1 STD in US -causes trachoma |
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mycoplasmas |
-smallest living cell -no cell wall -contains sterols in cell membranes -causes walking pneumonia |
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mycobacteria |
-acid-fast organism -cell wall contain mycolic acid -medically important genera -mycobacterium tuberculosis -mycobacterium leprae-leprosy |
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Actinomycetes |
-look like mold but cells are prokaryotic -genus streptomyces produces geosmin gives dirt the fresh dirt smell -streptomyces produces antibiotics |
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What are the three groups eukaryotic microorganisms? Aerobic or Anaerobic? |
-Fungi -Protozoa -Algae aerobic or faculitative anaerobic |
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What are the two types of fungi? |
Mold-multicellular yeasts-unicellular |
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chemoheterotrophs |
decompose organic matter |
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components of vegetative structures |
The thallus body consists of hyphae and a mass of hyphae is called a mycelium. |
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What are the two types of hyphae? |
Septate hyphae- contain cross walls coenocytic hyphae- do not contain septa |
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vegetative vs aerial hyphae? |
Vegetative obtain nutrients where as aerial hyphae are involved in reproduction |
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What is a dimorphic fungi? |
yeastlike at 37 degrees C and moldlike at 25 degrees C |
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Nutritional adaptations of fungi? |
-grow better at pH of 5 -grow high sugar and salt concentration -grow in low moisture content -can metabolize complex carbs |
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mycosis is |
a fungal infection |
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systematic mycosis is? |
a fungal infection deep within the body |
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subculaneous mycosis is? |
a fungal infection beneath the skin |
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cutaneous mycosis is? |
a fungal infection within the hair, skin, or nails |
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superficial mycosis is? |
a fungal infection that is localized |
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opportunistic mycosis? |
a fungal infection that is harmless in a normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host |
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why are fungal and protozoal diseases hard to treat? |
They are hard to treat because they are eukaryotic like us
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what is slime mold? |
They move like protozoa, form spores like fungi, and are important in the decay process |
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How are protozoa classified? |
by their motility |
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Amoeba- euglena- paramecium- |
-pseudopodial -flagella -cilia |
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what is malaria caused by? |
Caused by plasmodium. P.falciparium is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. 1 mil killed by this annually |
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What is algae? |
Organisms that preform oxygen-evolving photosynthesis and posses chloroplasts
- used to make augar |