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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bacteria |
-usually single celled org -cell wall made of peptidoglycan -lack membrane bound nuclues
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archea |
-distict rRNA sequence -lacks peptidoglycan in cell wall -unique membrane lipids -closer to ekarya than bacteria |
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eukarya |
-protists -fungi -plant -animal |
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RNA world |
-clay contained fatty acid (liposomes), nucleotide (DNA and RNA), and amino acids (protien) -structure: clay -catalysis: RNA (ribozymes) -Storage: RNA -Steps: 1) spontaneously formed RNA from prebiotic soup 2) over time replicated (Catalyze-self replication) |
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plasma membrane |
-selectively permeable barier -nutrient and waste transport -location of respiration/photosynthesis -detection for chemotaxis cues |
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Inclusions |
ss |
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ribosomes |
protien synthesis |
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periplasmic space |
-gram negative bacteria: contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding protiens for nutrient proccessing and uptake -gram positive bacteria: extremely small/non existent |
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cell wall |
-protection from osmotic presure -maintains cell shape |
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capsole/slime layer |
-resistant to phagocytosis -adheres to surfaces |
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cell envelope |
plasma membrane and surrounding layers external to it -cell wall, capsol, slime layer |
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leaflet |
each layer of phospholipd bilayer |
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phospholipds in bacter |
-amphipathic -3 carbon glycerol with 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphoric head group |
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membrane protiens |
functions (function collectively) -- structural support --decection of environmental signals --secretion of virulence factors and communication signals --ion transport and energy storage types - intergral protines peripheral mem protiens |
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integral membrane protiens |
-some span membrane -some insert into membrane -can move laterally -hydrophil and phob regions |
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peripheral mem protiens |
-attached to membrane peripherally -easy to remove (h2o soluble) |
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fuildity of plamsa membrane affected by |
fatty acid chains of phopspholipds -saturated: single bond between each carbon --> saturated by H--> more rigid -Unsaturated: at least 1 double carbon bond --> less H--> more fluid presense of hopanoids -add streagth to membrane |
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membrane domain |
patches where composition of men differed from surrounding mem
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archaea plasma membrane |
-monolayer plasma membrane -hydrocarbon chain 2x as long -repeating 5 carbon units that are banched
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succulus |
bacteria cell wall |
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peptidoglycan |
-long polymer of 2 disaccharides (NAM and NAG) bound to a peptide of 4-6 amino acids -peptides form cross bridges connecting parallel stands of glycan -lactate group of NAM forms amide link with amino terminus of short peptide -Gram neg: 4th amino acid connects to 3rd amino acid directly -gram pos: extra bridge of 5 glycines connecting 4th aa to 3 aa -some aa form L and some form D form
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L and D aa forms |
-enantiomers -L=common -D=rare doesn't occur in nature often hard to break down proteases
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peptidoglycan synthesis |
1) peptidoglycan precursors made in cytoplasm 2) bactroprenol transports peptidoglycan precursor unit across plasma membrane 3) digest small region of cell wall by cutting existing nam and nag to create opening 4) insert new peptidoglycan unit and form new bonds between old and new 5) transpeptidation: crosslink peptides on adjacent chains |
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gram positive |
-stains purple (because of techie acid) -thick peptidoglycan layer -up to 40 -S layer -no periplasmic space |
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S layer |
-found in gram positive bacteria -adistional protective layer commonly found in free living bacteria and archaea -crystalline layer of thick subunits consisting of protein and glycoprotien -may contribute to cell shape and protect cell from osmotic stress -often lost in lab |
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gram negative bacteria |
-stains pink -very thin peptidoglycan layer -peptidoglycan layer covered by outer membrane ~ confers defensive abilities and toxigenic properties on many pathogens -inward facing leaflet includes lipoprotines -outward facing leaflet contains lipopolysaccharides and porins -large periplasmic space
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lipopollysaccarides proins |
lipid A - 2 phosphorlylated GLcN -2 fattyacd chains on tail GLcN -4 or more FA chains on anchor GLcN = 6 total core polysaccaride o polysaccharide side chain - o antigen |
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mycobacterial cell envelope |
-technically gram negative because does not have outer membrane -doesnt stain well -thick waxy hydrophobic cell wall rich with my colic acid and unusual sugars -hydroxyacid backbone with 2 hydrocarbon chains (1 normal length and 1 3x longer) excludes antibiotics and nutrient (slow growing) |
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macronutrients |
carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxogen phosphorus sulfer potasium calcium magnesium iron |
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nicronutrience/ trace elements |
manganese cobalt zinc nicle copper molybdenum
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growth factor |
required by some cells not all amino acids purines and purimidiesn vitamines |
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cofactors |
small molecules that fit into specific enzymes and aid in catalytic procceses |
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fastidious |
bacteria heard to grow because they need various growth factors |
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diffusion |
net movement of substances from high con to low con |
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factors influencing dif |
temp soluablitity of mol in mem surface area of mem concentration gradient thicken of mem mass of passing mol |
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simple diffusion |
excludes large, uncharged, polar molecules, ions (ATP, Sugars, K+, NA+, cl- small uncharged polar mol can pass |
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facilitated dif |
-concentartion grad driven -chanels -cariers -saturation affect with carriers -faster than simple |
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primary active transport |
-uniporter -ABC |
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secondary active transporter |
-ABC -co transport -symporter -antiporter - PMF vs ATP |
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group translocation |
-chemical modification (phosphate added to mol being transported -PEP donates phosphate in phosphotransferase system ex) glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol |
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iron uptake |
iron= insoluble and little free iron avialable cell secretes siderophores when iron is low and it brings it back to cell |
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shape determining proteins |
-FtsZ: forms z ring in spherical cells -MreB: forms a coil in rod shaped cells -CreS: forms a polymer along the inner side of crescent shaped bacteria
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protoplast |
plasma men and everything with in it |
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cytoplasm |
material bound by plamsa mem |
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intracytoplasmic mem |
observed in many photosynthetic bacteria and bacteria with high resp. rate
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inclusions |
granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by cell for future use
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storange inclusions |
-storing of nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks -glycogen storage -carbon storage -phosphate storage -amino acid storing |
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micro compartments |
not bound by men but compartmentalized for specific fund |
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carboxysomes |
-in co2 fixing bacteria -contain enzyme ribulose 1, 5- bisphosphate |
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gas vacuoles |
found in aquatic,photosynthetic bateria provide boyancy
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magnetosomes |
found in aquatic bateria magnetic particles for orienation in earths megnetic field |
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nucleoid |
-usually not men bound -location of chromosome and associated protiens -usually 1 closed circular, double stranded DNA mol -supercoiling and nucleoid particles aid in folding |
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plasmids |
-extrachromosomal DNA -found in bacteria arches and some fungi -usually small closed circular DNA mol -exist and replicate independently of chromosomes -contains few genes that are non essential (often contain a selective advantage) |
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episomes |
plasmid that may integrate into chromosome |
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fimbriae and pili |
-short, thin, hair like -mediate attachment to surfaces -DNA uptake -motility (twitching, gluiding) |
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sex pili |
-longer, thicker, less numerous -aid in passing of genes |
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flagella |
threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma men and cell wall swimming, swarming, corkscrew |
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flagella distribution |
-MonoTrichous: 1 flagellum -Polar flagellum: 1 flagellum at end -amphitrichous: one flagellum at each end -lophotrichous: cluster of flagella at 1 or both ends -Peritrichous: spread over entire surface of cell |
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fflaggellar structure |
-filament: hollow ridged cylinder of flagellin protien -hook: links filament to basal body -basal body: series of rings that drive flagellar motor |
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basal body in gram neg |
L ring <--> outer membrane P ring <--> peptidoglycan layer MS ring <--> plasma membrane C ring <--> cytoplasm |
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basal body in gram pos |
outer ring : peptidoglycan layer inner ring : plasma mem |
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flagellar synthesis |
-new flagellin mol transported through hollow filament using type 3 like secretion system -filament subunits self assemble with help of filament cap at tip |
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flagelar movemnt |
Rotor - C ring (FLiG protein) and MS ring turn and interact with stator Stator -composed of Mot A and Mot B protiens -Mot B anchors Mot A to cell wall peptidoglycans -forms chanel through plasma mem -protons move through mot A and mot B chanel down Charge and pH gradient PMF -torque powers rotation of basal body and filament
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spirochete motility |
-corkscrew -multiple flagella from axial which winds around cell -flagella remain in periplasmic space - |
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twitching and gliding |
-type IV pili and slime -twitching: pili at ends of cell |
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chemotaxis |
-movement toward a chem attractant or away from chem repel -Atractant is sensed: suppresses tumbles and runs are longer when moving towards attractant _repellent is sensed: tumbles are suppressed and run are longer when moving away from repellent |
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type of chemotaxis |
-Chemotaxis : chemical signals -aerotaxis: O2 -Phototaxis: light -osmotaxis: stable osmotic pressure |
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metabolism |
sum of all chem reactions in a cell |
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catabolism |
-break -fueling reactions -energy conserving -provide ready source of reducing power (e-) and precursors for biosynthesis |
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anabolism |
-biuld -synthesis of complex organic mol -requires energy from fueling reactions |
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types of work |
-synthesies: () -mechanical: ( -transport: |
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1st law of therm |
energy can not be created or destroyed |
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2nd law of them |
entropy is always universally increasing |
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enthalpy |
-amount of energy in a cell available to do work - negative delta G = spontanious - positive delta G = not spontaneous |
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entropy |
amount of disorder in a system |
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exergonic |
delta g = negative spontaeous ATP hydrolysis |
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endergonic |
delta g = pos not spontaneous |
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autotroph |
fix inorganic Co2 from air into a usable for |
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heterotroph |
use preexisting organic molecules as their carbon source (eat it) |
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phototrophs |
energy from light |
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chemotrophs |
energy from oxidation of mol |
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lithotrophs |
electrons from oxidation of inorganic mol |
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organotrophs |
electrons from oxidation of organic molecules |
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respiration |
1) oxidize organic molecule resulting e accepted by carriers 2) reduced carriers donate e to ETC |
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glycolytic pathways |
EM: yeild 2 ATP ED: yeild 1 ATP pentose phosphate: major source of reducing power |
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amphibolic |
anabolic and catabolic pathways |
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central metabolic pathways |
glycolysis TCA cycle |
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anaerobic resp electron acceptors |
-nitrate -sulfate -CO2 |
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chemolithotrophs (ox and term acceptor) |
-inorganic comounds are oxidized (H, sulfur compounds, Fe3+, NO2) -terminal electron acceptor: O2
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nitrosomonas |
chemothithotroph convert n02 into no3- puts nitrogen back into soil |
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light and dark reactions |
light: light energy is trapped and converted to chem energy and reducing power dark: chem energy and reducing power used to fix co2 |
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oxygenic photosynthesis |
-light absorbing pigments (chlorophyl, carotenoids, phycobiliprotiens) -source of electrons: splitting h2o -generates PMF |
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anoxygenic photosynthesis |
-light absorbing pigment (bacteriochlorophyl) -source of electrons: succinate -generates PMF |
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Rhrodopsin |
-retinal -no ETC generates PMF: when e are being pushed through rhodopsin |
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polymer vs monomer |
nucleic acids: nucleotides protein: amino acid carbohydrates: sugars lipids: fatty acids |
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catabolism electron carriers |
NAD and FAD |
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anabolism electron carriers |
NADPH --> NADP |
