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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Barry Marshall
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Ulcers, Helicobacter pylorii
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Leeuwenhoek
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Dental Plaque, 1st observation of Microorganisms
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Robert Hooke
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Observed Cork cells (Microscope)
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Lynn Margulis & Nancy Moran
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Endosymbiotic theory - Carsonella ruddii
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Francesco Redi
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disproved spontaneous generation
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Lazaro Spallanzani
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disproved bacterial spontaneous generation
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Louis Pasteur
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Swan-necked glass, improved Spallanzani's experiment, fermentation, wine, connection between bacteria & disease C. Burnetti
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SOAP
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S=Subjective
O=Objective A=Assessment w/ differentials P=Plan |
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Fermentation
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Anaerobic, replaces NADH+ to produce ATP
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Serology
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antibodies in blood serum indicate infection
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Etiology
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What causes the disease (agent)
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Robert Koch
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Developed culture medium
Identified Bacillus Anthracis spores & cells in blood Koch's Postulates |
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Koch's Postulates
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1. Causative agent in every case
2. Agent grown outside host/isolated 3. When introduced must cause same disease 4. Same agent isolated from infected host. |
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Dmitri Ivanowski + Martinus Beijerink
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Tobacco Mosaic virus, filtered out bacteria
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Ignaz Semmelweiz
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Childbed fever (puerpureal) B. Streptococcus "Wash hands frequently! Asepsis
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Oliver Wendell Holmes
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Puerpureal fever, committed suicide, showed contagiousness of fever.
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Alexander Gordon
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Contaminated clothing carries disease!
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Joseph Lister
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Antisepsis, destroyed germs in wounds with Phenol/carbolic acid
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Florence Nightengale
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Cut mortality from 40-2% with sanitation esp. water, graphed deaths/causes
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Beta Lactamase
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block NAM links in growing bacteria
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Steptococcus mutans
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Cavities
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Serological Identification
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bacterial structures in blood serum (i.e. flagella)
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Taxis
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Ability to move: motility
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Treponema pallidum
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Syphilis
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Listeria Monocytogenes
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food poisoning, grows at 4C, 30%fatality causes miscarriage lunch meats soft cheeses bacteriophages kill
move by actin polymerization Causes nerological problems |
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Fimbriae
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Used to adhere to target cells
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Pathogenicity factors
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Things that allow microbe to cause disease (i.e. fimbriae)
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Conjugation
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bacterial sex, w/pilus plasmids accessory DNA
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Target
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Transport mechanisms, cytoskeletons, 70S Ribosomes
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Prokaryote Ribosomes
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70s (30s/50)
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Eukaryote Ribosomes
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80s (40s/60s)
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Steptomycin & Tetracycline
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Targets 30s to prevent in itiation of protein synthesis in aerobic bacteria
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Lysosomes
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Used to dissolve Endocytosized bacteria in a phagolysozome
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Leishmania Donovani
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Leishmaneisis: Dog reservoir, transmitted by sandfly, survives in macrophages, incubation weeks/months
Cutaneous:red plaque/ulcers, painless, itchless Visceral 75-95% mortality 5% w/treatment |
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Toxins kill cilia
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Bordetella pertussis, Influenza
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Intracellular
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harder to treat than extracellular
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Identification
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know where they are, where they came from
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Carl Von Linnaeus
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Classification observed hybridization Nomenclature helps identification
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Carl Woese
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16s RNA 3% difference
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Strep pyogenes
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Strep throat/ Rheumatic fever
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Tests
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Metabolism/Staining/Shape/Arrangement/Serology
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Acid-fast stain
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mycobacterium (Leprosy)
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Nocardia
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Waxy outer membrane, on teeth
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o157:H7
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E. coli :: cell wall:flagella
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Zietal Nielsen stain
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Acid fast red + Methylene blue counterstain
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Endospore stain
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Clostridium/bacillus; helps identify by spore location in bacillus
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Clostridium difficile
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main cause of diarrhea
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Flagella stain
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Cystic Fibrosis, pneumonia
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McConkey Agar
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kills gram + w/crystal violet, selects for Gram-
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Growth phases
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1. Lag phase
2. Log phase (exponential) 3. Stationary phase 4. Death phase |
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UTI
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100,000 or more is infection, less is contamination
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Quantifying Bacterial Growth
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colony forming units/ml
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Frederick Sanger
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sequenced 1st bacteria
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Frederick Griffith
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Transforming principle / Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Oswald Avery
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Separated parts of cellfound DNA caused transformingf principle
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Bacteriophage
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used on Listeria monocytogenes
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Base pairing
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answer for everything
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Epigenetic markers
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mark salient portions of DNA
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DNA aminos
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A-T ; G-C
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DNA synthesis
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Read: 3-5'
Write: 5-3' |
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Sanger Sequencing
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Flourescent dyes added
A=Green T=Red G=Black C=Blue |
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AZT
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thymidine analog preferred by the reverse transcriptase of HIV
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RBS
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Ribosome binding site
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Methionine
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Start sequence amino acid
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Light repair
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stimulated by UV light
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Ames test
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Determines if chemical is mutagen; liver extract + poss. mutagen
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Horizontal Gene tsfr
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phage acts like mosquito, happens in E.coli & Diptheria
OR Conjugation: Can result in resistance |
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Bacillus cereus
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formed spores, survived on alcohol wipes
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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Childbed fever, origin of handwashing
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Joseph Lister
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Carbolic Acid (phenol) gloves. Reduced deaths by 2/3
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Mycobacteria
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3rd most resistant after prions & spores
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-cidal
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Kills
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-static
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prevents reproduction
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Disinfection
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inanimate objects, spores and prions survive
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Sterilization
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kills everything, inanimate
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Antisepsis
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spores & prions survive, both animate & inanimate
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Decontamination
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reduce load to safe levels, animat & inanimate
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Degerming
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Mechanical removal by filtration, scrubbing
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Factors influencing death rate
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1. Length of exposure
2. Effect of microbial load 3. Resistance to Spores 4. Static vs. Cidal |
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Physical Control
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heat
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis
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Incineration
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ultimate means of sterilization
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Moist heat
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far more effective
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Listeria
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lives in low temps!
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Pasteurization
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30 min @ 63C
15 sec@72C 1 Sec @ 134C |
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Radiation
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UV Light decreases by 99%, but poor penetration
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Ionizing radiation
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used on plastics, sutures
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Paul Erlich
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Studied syphilis, targeted w/ Magic Bullet (Selective toxicity)
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Chem agents
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rarely achieve sterilization
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Nosocomial
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Hospital acquired infection, P. aeruginosa 10% of all
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Disinfect
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anything with contact to mucous membranes
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Decontaminate
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stethoscopes, bp cuffs
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Chlorihexidines
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Hibicleanse- ineffective against spores, non-toxic, only disinfection
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Alcohol
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Not effective w/o water 20 min for sterilization
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Heavy metals
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Denature proteins, small amts, may be toxic, neutralized by body fluids
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Aldehydes
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Cross links membrane proteins, kills spores in 3 hrs, potent in organic matter, carcinogen!
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Ethylene Oxide
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Blocks DNA replication, explosive! carcinogenic, slow acting
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Hydrogen peroxide
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3% solution damages dna, sporicidal at high concentrations, inactivated by catalase
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Theodore Schwann
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cell theory w/ Virchow
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