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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do microorganisms do in our environment
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degrade waste, photosynthesis, alteration of chemicals, food productions, production of useful chemicals, normal flora organisms prevent disease, and few microbes cause disease
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define biogenesis
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things dont come by spontaneous generation
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what did Leeuwenhook discover
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discovered microscope in 1670s
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what did Semmelweis discover
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he discovered along with Oliver wendell holmes that physician's were passing disease (child bed fever) from autopsy to mothers delivering
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what did Holmes discover
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he discovered along with Ignaz Semmelweis that physician's were passing disease (child bed fever) from autopsy to mothers delivering
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what did Joseph Lister discover
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Sepsis after surgery, incision infected
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what did Robert Koch discover
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proved Bacillus anthracis causes disease anthrax. test cow's blood and grew it in broth. Isolate in "pure culture"
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what did Louis Pasteur discover
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disproved spontaneous generation in 1860's "broth and germs" test and control
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how many electrons does Carbon have
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6
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how many electrons does nitrogen have
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7
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how many electrons does hydrogen have
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1
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how many electrons does oxygen have
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8
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how many covalent bonds can hydrogen form
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1 covalent bond
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how many covalent bonds can carbon form
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4 covalent bonds
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how many covalent bonds can nitrogen form
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3 covalent bonds
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how many covalent bonds can oxygen form
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2 covalent bonds
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what elements are carbs made of
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C, H2, O
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what is starch
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a polysaccharide
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what is glycogen
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energy storage molecule of animals
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what is chitin
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structural molecule forming exoskeleton
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what is cellulose
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a polysaccharide
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3 duties of DNA
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macromolecule of cells, encodes genetic info, info to make proteins
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2 duties of RNA
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macromolecule of cells, aids in transferring info from DNA to make proteins
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nucleotides are made of 3 things
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phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base
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what bonds link nucleotides
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covalent
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what matters about double stranded dna
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allows duplication
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proteins are made of what two things
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amino acid, and carboxyl group
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5 functions are proteins
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enzymes, structural molecules, exotoxins, antibodies, hormones
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4 characteristics of plantae
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photosynthetic, non-motile, multicellular, eukaryotic
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4 characteristics of animalia
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non-photosynthetis, motile, multicellular, eukaryotic
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3 characteristics of protista
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unicellular, photosynthetic&some not, eukaryotic
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3 characteristics of fungi
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unicellular, non-photosynthetic, eukaryotic
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2 characteristics of Monera
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Most non-photosynthetic and some photosynthetic, prokaryotic
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define simple light microscope
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one glass lens, lens refracts light
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define compound light microscope
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2 or more glass lens, lenses refract light
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describe electron microscope
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uses a beam of electrons and beam is refracted by electromagnetic lens
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what is cytoplasmic membrane made of
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phosolipids and proteins
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what is the peptidoglycan molecule made of
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monosaccharides in chains and amino acids in chains
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what is function of peptidoglycan
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shape of cell
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DNA is in a circle in the...
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nucleoid
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what is flagella composed of
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proteins
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monotrichous looks like what
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those corn dog plants by ponds
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amphitrichous looks like what
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twirly spiral
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lophotrichous looks like what
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rocket with 4 small tails
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peritrichous looks like what
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hot dog with spaghetti noodles coming out of it.
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what are capsules composed of
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polysaccharide molecules or proteins
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what are endospores
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dormant forms of organisms
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what bacterial genera produce endospores
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bacillus species and clostridium species
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what is required for bacteria to grow
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energy, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur
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define metabolism
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defines all the chemical reactions that
occur in cell |
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define catabolism
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Break down chemicals; large to small
– These chemical reactions release energ |
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define anabolism
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Build up chemicals; small to large
– These require an input of energy; usually acquired from catabolic chemical reactions |
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what affects enzymes
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Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH
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autotrophs
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From CO2;
; organisms |
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Heterotroph
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From reduced carbon compounds
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Photoautotroph
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Few bacteria, algae & plants
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Photoheterotrophs
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Few bacteria
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Chemoautotroph
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Few bacteria
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Chemoheterotroph
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Most bacteria, fungi,
protozoa, animal |
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Simple medium (defined)
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Simple medium (defined)
– H20 – Glucose (carbon & energy source) – K2HPO4 – MgSO4 – (NH4 ) 2SO4 |
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Complex medium (undefined)
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Water
– Glucose (carbon & energy source) – Cell extract* eg. Yeast extract Brain/heart infusion meat infusion |
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Aerobes
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bacteria that require oxygen
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Facultative anaerobes
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can grow with or without oxygen
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Anaerobe
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cannot grow in the presence of oxygen; oxygen
is toxic to them |
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Microaerophile
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– these bacteria grow best in reduced oxygen
environments |
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Aerotolerant anaerobe
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– these are anaerobes that can
survive in oxygen environments |
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Lag phase
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tooling up for
growth |
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Log phase –
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replicating at a
constant rate |
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Stationary phase –
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– due to
loss of nutrients, growth decreases |
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Death phase
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– build up of
waste products cause cell death |
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General isolation medium
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Allows growth of many types of bacteria
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Differential medium
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Helps to identify different types of bacteria
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Selective medium
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Prevents growth of some bacteria, allowing
others to grow |
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Pink colonie
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– bacteria that
ferment lactose |
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Yellow colonies
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bacteria
that do not ferment lactose |
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Primary stain
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Crystal violet (purple)
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Mordant -
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iodine
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Decolorizer
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solvent
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Counter stain
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safranin (pink
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