Microbiology Enterobacteriaceae, Gram Neg Curved Rods, Media

Front 1

What is the most commonly isolated bacteria?

Back 1

Enterobactericeae

Front 2

Enterobactericeae are predominant aerobes found in the __; hence, they are natural flora.

Back 2

bowel

Front 3

Enterobactericeae that are covered in this section include what 5 organisms?

Back 3

1. Salmonella 2. Shigella 3. E. coli 4. Yersinia enterocolitica 5. Yersinia pestis

Front 4

Enterobactericeae are gram negative __.

Back 4

rods

Front 5

Enterobactericeae are __ __ (environment).

Back 5

facultative anaerobes

Front 6

Enterobactericeae are the predominant __ found in the human bowel.

Back 6

aerobes

Front 7

Can Enterobactericeae ferment glucose?

Back 7

Yes - they all do

Front 8

Are Enterobactericeae oxidase negative or positive?

Back 8

oxidase negative

Front 9

Enterobactericeae are facultative anaerobes that can survie in an environment with __% or less oxygen.

Back 9

20%

Front 10

Most Enterobactericeae are nitrate positive or negative?

Back 10

Nitrate Positive

Front 11

How many Enterobactericeae can ferment lactose?

Back 11

Most, but not all of them.

Front 12

Enterobactericeae are known as coliforms. What are coliforms?

Back 12

Coliforms are a broad class of bacteria found in our environment, including the feces of man and other warm-blooded animals. They are natural flora found in the colon.

Front 13

Enterobactericeae are nitrate positive, so they break down nitrates into __.

Back 13

nitrites

Front 14

Can enterobactericeae be found in sputum or urine samples?

Back 14

yes

Front 15

In real labs, what kind of tests are generally used to ID enterobactericeae?

Back 15

strip tests, because they can perform many tests at once.

Front 16

The gut is an __ environment.

Back 16

anaerobic

Front 17

Can E. coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter ferment lactose?

Back 17

yes - they can be tested in a TSI acid slant

Front 18

Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia are Enterobactericeae that do or do not ferment lactose?

Back 18

Do not / they are nonlactose fermenting

Front 19

Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia are tested using which kind of TSI slant?

Back 19

alkaline

Front 20

Will Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia turn pink on MAC agar?

Back 20

No, because they are nonlactose fermentors

Front 21

Which 3 Enterobactericeae are filled with coliforms that ferment lactose?

Back 21

E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter

Front 22

Which 3 coliforms ferment lactose and are tested using a TSI acid slant?

Back 22

E. coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter

Front 23

Salmonella and Citrobacter turn what color on XLD?

Back 23

black / they are H2S POS

Front 24

Coliforms such as E. coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter are all lactose fermentation positive and ONPG (POS or NEG?)?

Back 24

ONPG Positive

Front 25

Will E. coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter turn pink on MAC agar?

Back 25

Yes / they ferment lactose

Front 26

What type of hemolysis can be seen from Escherichia coli on BAP?

Back 26

sometimes beta-hemolytic

Front 27

What color is E. coli on BAP?

Back 27

grey

Front 28

What color does E. coli turn on MAC?

Back 28

Purple, show bile precipitation too.

Front 29

E. coli appear what color on EMB?

Back 29

Metallic, deep purple - black

Front 30

XLD and HEA are slightly __ of E. coli.

Back 30

inhibitory

Front 31

*The IMVC for got E. coli is ?

Back 31

++--

Front 32

E. coli are urease __.

Back 32

negative

Front 33

Urease positive organisms turn what color?

Back 33

Bright pink or fuschia

Front 34

What is the most frequently isolated Enterobactericieae?

Back 34

E. coli

Front 35

E. coli is a common cause of __ (because it's so nearby).

Back 35

UTI

Front 36

E. coli can sometimes cause what CNS infection?

Back 36

meningitis

Front 37

Serotyping of E. coli looks for what antigens?

Back 37

K (capsule), O (endotoxin), H (flagellum)

Front 38

*What is the ID number for E. coli?

Back 38

O157:H7

Front 39

*E. coli O157:H7 is negative for fermentation of __.

Back 39

sorbitol

Front 40

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a coliform bacteria that is usually __.

Back 40

encapsulated

Front 41

Klebsiella has what kind of sheen on EMB?

Back 41

metallic

Front 42

Klebsiella pneumoniae has what appearance on MAC?

Back 42

Purple, stringy (can use string test it's so stringy)

Front 43

Klebsiella does what to TSI?

Back 43

turns it yellow, lifts or breaks the TSI due to gas

Front 44

The IMVC for Klebsiella is ?

Back 44

--++ (opposite of E. coli, same as Enterobacter)

Front 45

Klebsiella is urease POS or NEG?

Back 45

Slightly positive (barely turns pink)

Front 46

Decarbolyation reactions for Klebsiella pneumoniae are ?

Back 46

ornithine - and lysine +

Front 47

*One difference between Klebsiella and Enterobacter is that Enterobacter is never __.

Back 47

stringy (remember this since they are the same IMVC)

Front 48

Is Klebsiella pneumoniae normal flora?

Back 48

Yes - it's opportunistic

Front 49

Klebsiella is a frequent cause of what 5 things?

Back 49

1. UTI 2. peritonitis 3. septicemia 4. enteritis in children 5. pneumoniae in lungs (can cause pneumoniae quickly if it overgrows other flora)

Front 50

Despite their similarities, Klebsiella is __, while Enterobacter is not.

Back 50

stringy

Front 51

*Enterobacter is motility POS or NEG?

Back 51

POS (Klebsiella is motility NEG)

Front 52

What are the decarboxylation test results for Enterobacter spp.?

Back 52

Ornithine + and lysine - (opposite of Klebsiella)

Front 53

Enterobacter is or is not encapsulated?

Back 53

It is not encapsulated

Front 54

Proteus spp. (P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis) are known to do what on BAP?

Back 54

swarm

Front 55

What color is Proteus (P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis) on BAP?

Back 55

grey

Front 56

How does Proteus look on EMB and MAC?

Back 56

It is nonlactose fermenting, so they are basically colorless. If they were lactose fermenters, they would turn pink.

Front 57

Proteus turns what color on TSI?

Back 57

Black (POS for H2S)

Front 58

Proteus turns what color on urease testing?

Back 58

bright pink/fuschia (it's POS for urease)

Front 59

What color does Proteus turn on PDase?

Back 59

Green (Positive for PDase)

Front 60

Proteus' reaction to citrate testing is ?

Back 60

variable

Front 61

Is Proteus spp. motile?

Back 61

Yes - it swarms BAP

Front 62

How can you tell P. vulgaris from P. mirabilis?

Back 62

P. vulgaris is POS on Indole but NEG on ornithine. P. mirabilis is the reverse - NEG on Indole and POS on ornithine.

Front 63

A positive for Indole turns the organism what color?

Back 63

red

Front 64

A positive for ornithine turns the organism what color?

Back 64

yellow

Front 65

Proteus spp. is normal flora of what area?

Back 65

the GI tract

Front 66

If Proteus overwhelms the GI tract, it can cause what 2 thing?

Back 66

Peritonitis and abscesses

Front 67

What infections are Proteus spp. known to cause if gets outside the GI tract?

Back 67

1. UTI 2. Septicemia (secondary to UTI) 3. Eye and ear infections (rare)

Front 68

Morganella morganii colonies resemble what organism?

Back 68

Proteus spp.

Front 69

How can you tell Morganella morganii from a Proteus?

Back 69

1. H2S negative (so it doesn't turn black on TSI) 2. doesn't swarm quite as much as Proteus, but still swarms

Front 70

What is the best media for grown Providencia spp. (including P. stuartii, P. rettgeri, and P. alcalifaciens)?

Back 70

XLD - but HE can also be used

Front 71

Can Providencia spp. turn black on TSI?

Back 71

No - doesn't use make H2S. No gas either.

Front 72

Is Providencia motile?

Back 72

yes

Front 73

Providencia is POS or NEG for citrate?

Back 73

POS - few of these organisms are citrate POS!

Front 74

Providencia can turn a lysine slant what color?

Back 74

red - lysine will be deaminated by not decarboxylated

Front 75

How does Salmonella look on XLD?

Back 75

Red colonies with black centers

Front 76

Which Salmonella looks black on bismuth sulfite agar?

Back 76

S. typhi (we are most concerned about this strain of Salmonella)

Front 77

Salmonella spp. is POS or NEG for H2S production?

Back 77

POS

Front 78

Salmonella is lysine POS, so it turns __ on a lysine slant.

Back 78

yellow

Front 79

Salmonella spp. has somatic antigens ?

Back 79

A through I

Front 80

Salmonella has a capsular antigen called ?

Back 80

Vi

Front 81

Aside from somatic and capsular antigens, what other antigen does Salmonella spp. have?

Back 81

flagellar antigens

Front 82

Salmonella is always __.

Back 82

pathogenic

Front 83

Is Salmonella POS or NEG for lysine?

Back 83

POS (turns yellow)

Front 84

Salmonella can be found in the GI tract of ?

Back 84

animals (so it's fecal/oral)

Front 85

Salmonella spp. is the most common cause of diarrhea due to ingestion of foods contaminated by ?

Back 85

animals or their products

Front 86

What kind of foods are known to carry Salmonella that infects humans?

Back 86

Poultry, eggs, dairy products, shellfish, pork

Front 87

Typhoid fever (by S. typhi) is often seen during natural __.

Back 87

disasters

Front 88

Salmonella typhi settles into the __ __ of the GI tract.

Back 88

Peyer's patches

Front 89

From the GI tract, Salmonella typhi can enter the bloodstream and the __ system, causing septicemia.

Back 89

lymphatic system

Front 90

S. typhi can actually hide in __ cells and evade your immune system!

Back 90

nonphagocytic cells

Front 91

What can S. typhi do inside of a macrophage?

Back 91

multiply

Front 92

What are the 4 main symptoms of S. typhi?

Back 92

1. fever (Typhoid or enteric fever) 2. pain 3. hemorrhage 4. constipation followed by bloody diarrhea

Front 93

What is the incubation period for S. typhi?

Back 93

10-14 days

Front 94

Patients can become __ of S. typhi after they recover.

Back 94

carriers

Front 95

Salmonella paratyphi can cause a milder form of Typhoid fever called ?

Back 95

Paratyphoid fever

Front 96

Can S. paratyphi go septic as easily as S. typhi?

Back 96

no - it usually doesn't have a septic stage

Front 97

Salmonella choleraesuis usually has no __ manifestation.

Back 97

intestinal

Front 98

What percentage of patients can become carriers of Salmonella typhimurium?

Back 98

3%

Front 99

One way to tell Citrobacter freundii from Salmonella is ?

Back 99

C. freundii is urease POS while Salmonella is NEG

Front 100

Shigella spp. is known to be "__" because it is negative on most biochem test.

Back 100

lazy

Front 101

The best media inoculation of Shigella spp. is ?

Back 101

XLD (HE can also be used)

Front 102

Shigella is POS for __.

Back 102

ONPG

Front 103

Most Shigella are NEG for ornithine. What is the one exception?

Back 103

Shigella sonnei is POS for ornithine

Front 104

What are the 4 serotypes for Shigella?

Back 104

1. Serotype A = S. dysenteriae 2. B= S. flexneri 3. C= S. boydii 4. D= S. sonnei (which is ornithine POS)

Front 105

How is Shigella transmitted?

Back 105

The 4 F's: Food, fingers, feces, flies

Front 106

How long can Shigella spp. remain in water supplies?

Back 106

6 months

Front 107

Which organism is the most virulent from this group?

Back 107

Shigella spp. - one organism is enough to cause infection!

Front 108

What kind of toxin does Shigella spp. have?

Back 108

Shiga-toxin

Front 109

Yersinia spp. grows on which kind of agar?

Back 109

CIN (Sin growns on cin)

Front 110

The CIN agar can be used to separate Yersinia spp. from other ?

Back 110

non-lactose fermenters

Front 111

How does Yersinia spp. look on CIN agar?

Back 111

Colonies are red bulls eyes surrounded by a colorless halo

Front 112

Is Yersinia motile?

Back 112

no

Front 113

What caused the bubonic plague?

Back 113

Yersinia pestis (it was spread more so by humans than by rats or rat fleas)

Front 114

Yersinia pestis causes a swelling of the lymph nodes, which turn blue or black, called __.

Back 114

buboes

Front 115

The mortality rate of Yersinia pestis is ?

Back 115

50%

Front 116

Yersinia enterocolitica mimics __.

Back 116

appendicitis

Front 117

All gram negative curved rods are __ pathogens, meaning they are always bad.

Back 117

primary

Front 118

Vibria spp. (a gram neg curved rod) is a natural inhabitant of ?

Back 118

sea water

Front 119

Vibrio spp. prefers a more __ pH.

Back 119

alkaline

Front 120

What is the etiologic agent of cholera?

Back 120

Vibrio cholerae

Front 121

Is V. cholerae motile?

Back 121

Yes! You might even be able to see the flagella microscopically.

Front 122

V. cholerae ferments sucrose and forms __ colonies on TCBS agar.

Back 122

yellow (very yellow)

Front 123

Non sucrose fermenters form __ colonies on TCBS agar.

Back 123

blue or blue-green

Front 124

Vibrio cholerae is positve on ?

Back 124

all biochemical tests

Front 125

Which serotypes of Vibrio cholerae are most virulent?

Back 125

O1-O139

Front 126

What test is used to detect V. cholerae toxins?

Back 126

ELISA

Front 127

V. cholerae produces an enterotoxin that causes ?

Back 127

"rice water" stools and watery diarrhea that can rapidly dehydrate the patient and lead to death.

Front 128

Vibrio parahemolyticus looks like V. cholerae, but is non-sucrose fermenter, meaning it looks __ on TCBS.

Back 128

blue to blue-green

Front 129

V. cholerae is acquire by ?

Back 129

drinking contaminated water

Front 130

What kind of Vibrio is endemic to the Chesapeake Bay?

Back 130

Vibrio parahemolyticus

Front 131

Watermen and fisherman can catch V. parahemolyticus through cuts. You can also get it by eating ?

Back 131

blue crabs or any shell fish

Front 132

What kind of Vibrio can be caught from fishing hooks as well as seafood?

Back 132

V. vulnificus

Front 133

If it lives in salt water or can be caught by seafood, think __.

Back 133

Vibrio

Front 134

What organism shows darting motility on darkfield wet prep?

Back 134

Campylobacter jejuni

Front 135

What is the optimum temp for growing Campylobacter jejuni?

Back 135

42C (for 72 hours)

Front 136

What is the preferred media for growing Campylobacter jejuni?

Back 136

Campy BAP

Front 137

Campylobacter jejuni is __ to naladixic acid and __ to cephalothin.

Back 137

Susceptible to naladixic acid and resistant to cephalothin.

Front 138

Campylobacter jejuni is normal flora in __.

Back 138

puppies (found in their GI tract and feces)

Front 139

Campylobacter jejuni can cause ?

Back 139

severe systemic disease, fever, gastroenteritis

Front 140

How do you treat Campylobacter jejuni?

Back 140

Erythromycin (naladixic acid also works, but costs more)

Front 141

What organism has lots of flagella?

Back 141

Helicobacter pylori

Front 142

What kind of media is used to isolate Helicobacter pylori?

Back 142

BAP or CHOC

Front 143

Helicobacter pylori turns __ rapidly on the urease test.

Back 143

pink (POS)

Front 144

Helicobacter pylori is the only bacteria known to cause __.

Back 144

cancer

Front 145

Helicobacter pylori is a source of stomach __.

Back 145

ulcers