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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 3 groups based on pH factor? |
1. Neutrophiles 2. Acidophiles 3. Alkalinophiles |
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Pertaining to Neutrophiles, What is the preferred pH range? What is the internal pH? Give an example. |
pH 6.5-7.5 neutral majority of pathogenic bacteria |
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Pertaining to Acidophiles, What is the preferred pH range?Give an example. |
pH below 5.5 fungi |
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Pertaining to Alkalinophiles, What is the preferred pH range? Give an example. Where are they found? |
pH above 8.5 Vibrio Cholerae found in alkaline soils and lakes |
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Name acid areas of the human body. |
1. Stomach 2. Adult urogenital system |
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What is a inoculum? |
Term used when microbes are introduced into a medium to initiate growth. |
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What is a culture? |
Growth of microorganism in a culture medium. |
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What is growth? Give an example. |
refers to microbial multiplication; increase in number ie-bacterial division NOT bacterial size |
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What is a culture medium? |
defined as nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganism in lab |
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What is a pure culture? |
descendants of a single cell and separated from others |
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What might growth result in? |
1. a colony 2. a biofilm |
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What is a colony? |
aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell |
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What is a biofilm? |
collection of surface microbes living in a complex community |
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What are the 2 growth requirements? |
1. Physical factors (Environmental) 2. Chemical factors (Nutritional) |
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What are the 4 physical factors? |
1. Temperature 2. pH 3. Light (energy source) 4. Osmosis and Osmotic pressure |
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What are the 2 Nutrient Uptake processes? |
1. Passive process (downhill) 2. Active process (uphill) |
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What are the 3 types of passive process? |
1. Simple diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. osmosis (movement of water molecules) |
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What does passive process do? |
1. substance movement is from high concentration to a region of low concentration 2. no expenditure of cellular energy |
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What does active process do? |
1. functions when bacteria are in low nutrient environment 2. there is expenditure of cellular energy |
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What are the 2 types active process? |
1. active transport 2. group translocation |
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What is simple diffusion? |
1. small or lipid soluble substances easily moves down concentration gradient 2. movement continues until equilibrium is reached |
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What are examples of simple diffusion? |
1. O2 2. H2O 3. CO4 |
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What is facilitated diffusion? |
1. used by molecules unable to diffuse or fails to dissolve across lipid bilayer 2. use channel protein |
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What are examples of facilitated diffusion? |
glycerol transport of Ecoli |
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What is the differences between simple and facilitated diffusion? |
1. Facilitated diffusion is like a shuttle, if shut down, it will stop unlike in simple that goes to equilibrium. 2. Lipid bilayer is different for transport |
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What is osmosis? |
net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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T/F In osmosis, movement is from area of high solvent to an area of low solvent concentration. |
True |
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What is the solvent in the living system? |
water |
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During osmosis, water movement is to the ____side of membrane. |
drier |
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What is osmotic pressure? |
pressure exerted on membrane by solutes in solution |
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What does Staphylococcus aureus cause? |
pimples, sties, boils, etc. |
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What happens in an isotonic solution? |
stays the same |
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What happens in a hypertonic solution? |
Plasmolysis sets in-plamsa membrane pulls itself away from cell wall when placed in hypertonic solution |
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What happens in a hypotonic solution? |
Osmotic lysis-cell will burst because water is going inside the cell wall until no more can be held |
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What is active transport. Give an example. |
involves substance movement from outside to inside. ex. against conc gradient |
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What is Group translocation? |
cell picks substance even though they are in lower concentration outside |
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What is the difference between active transport and group translocation? |
In active transport, the substance that cross membrane is NOT altered
In group translocation the substance IS altered during transport which prevents from leaving the cell |
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What is an example of Group translocation process? |
Glucose utilization by the phosphotransferase system purine, pyrimidines and long chain fatty acids transport. |
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What are the 3 temperature requirements for bacteria? |
1. Minimum growth temp 2. Optimum growth temp 3. Maximum growth temp |
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What is minimum growth temp? |
lowest temp at which species will grow, slow metabolism |
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What is optimum growth temp? |
species grows best at this temp, fastest growth |
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At what temp does most chemical reactions happen? |
Optimum growth |
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What is maximum growth temp? |
highest temp at which growth is possible, slow growth |
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What influence does a low temp have on proteins? |
new H2 bonds are formed |
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What influence does a high temp have on proteins? |
H2 bonds are broken |
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What do high temp and low temp have in common for proteins? |
protein loses 3 dimensional structure associated function |
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What influence does a low temp have on lipids? |
membrane lipids become rigid and fragile |
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What influence does a high temp have on lipids? |
makes lipids more fluid |
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What group do the majority of human pathogens belong to? |
Mesophiles |
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What are mesophiles? |
moderate temperature loving microbes |
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What is the optimal temp for mesophiles? |
20-40 degrees C |
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What is the optimum temp for growth of most pathogen is close to that of host? |
37 C |
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What temp is clinical incubators and human pathogens? |
37 C |
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What are the Thermoduric mesophiles? |
can survive brief high temp during inadequate Pasteurization and canning |
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What is Mycobacterium leprae? |
Hanson's disease |
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What animal is Mycobacterium leprae associated with? |
armadillo |
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What is Treponema sps? |
lesion are in cooler temps of the body like lips, outer areas of urogenital system. |
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What animal is Treponema sps. associated with? |
Rabbit |
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Where are the lesions that Mycobacterium leprae located? |
extremities, ears, facial |
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Name an acid tolerant microbe? |
H. pylori (thrives in the stomach) |