Microbiology - Clinical Bacteriology

Front 1

mention 5 diseases that can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Back 1

impetigo, furunculus, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, food poisoning.

Front 2

mention 2 toxin mediated staphylococcal diseases

Back 2

toxic shock syndrom (TSS), scalded skin syndrom, food poisoning

Front 3

mention 3 toxic products by staphyloccocus aureus

Back 3

TSST (toxic shock syndrome toxin), enterotoxin, exfoliatin, leukocidins, hemolysins.

Front 4

which enzymatic virulence factor is characteristic exclusively for Staphylococcus aureus?

Back 4

Coagulase

Front 5

how can we identify the source of infection in a staphylococcal food poisoning?

Back 5

by Phage typing

Front 6

which antibacterial drug in the first choice in serious infections caused by methycillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus?

Back 6

Glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin)

Front 7

in which disease is Staphylococcus saprophyticus considered an obligate pathogen

Back 7

Cystitis in young women

Front 8

which cell constituents determine the group-specific and the type specific antigens of Streptococcus pyogenes, respectively?

Back 8

Group specific - C polysaccharide
Type specific - M protein

Front 9

mention 3 enzymes produced by Streptococcus pyogenes that enhance the spread of the bacterial infection in the body

Back 9

streptokinase (fibrinolysin), streptodornase(DNAse), hyaluronidase

Front 10

which is the most virulent species of Staphylococcus?

Back 10

S. aureus

Front 11

list 3 diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in the skin or in subcutaneous tissues

Back 11

Impetigo (pyoderma), cellulitism erysipelas, fasciitis, myositis

Front 12

mention a toxin mediated Streptococcal disease, specify the name of the toxin and its mechanism of action

Back 12

scarlet fever - erythrogenic toxin - superantigen causing capillary destruction

Front 13

mention 2 poststreptococcal deseases

Back 13

Glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, erythema nodosum, chorea minor

Front 14

which product of Streptococcus pyogenes has a major pathogenic role in poststreptococcal diseases?

Back 14

M protein: may induce hypersensitivity reactions

Front 15

how long does immunity against scarlet fever exist? which immune effector mechanism is involved?

Back 15

life-long immunity. Antitoxic antibodies are involved

Front 16

what is the drug of first chice in Streptococcus pyogenes infection?

Back 16

Penicillin - G

Front 17

what is the patomechanism of post streptococcal rheumatic fever?

Back 17

type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic antibodies)

Front 18

what is the patomechanism of post streptococcal Glomerulonephritis?

Back 18

type III hypersensitivity (immune complexes)

Front 19

which Streptococcus species plays a major role in the meningitis of neworn babies?

Back 19

group B Streptococcus (S. agalactiae)

Front 20

what is (are) the magor causative agent(s) for subacure bacterial endocarditis?

Back 20

Viridans streptococci

Front 21

what are the characteristics of Enterococci that can be used in their identification?

Back 21

D group polysaccharide antigen, tolerance to bile and hydrolysis of esculin (EBA medium: bile esculin agar), growth in the presence of 6.5% NaCl

Front 22

what are the specific morphologic features of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Back 22

Gram positive diplococcus, lancet shape, capsule.

Front 23

mention 3 diseases that can be caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

Back 23

pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, otitis media, sepsis,(ulcus serpens corneae)

Front 24

what fast diagnostic procedure can be used in acute Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?

Back 24

Demonstration of bacteria (intracellular in PMNs) from urethral discharge by Gram or methylene blue stain.
PCR amplification of bacterial DNA

Front 25

What kind of immunity develops after Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?

Back 25

Partial immunity of short duration; no protection from reinfection

Front 26

What are the most important manifestations of disseminated gonorrhoeal infections?!

Back 26

arthritis, skin eruptions, (endocarditis, meningitis)

Front 27

What is the major complication of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in newborns? How
can it be prevented?

Back 27

Blenorrhoea (ophtalmia) neonatorum, silver acetate eye drops or erythromycin
ointment

Front 28

Mention at least 3 major virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae!

Back 28

pilus, outer membrane proteins, LOS (lipooligosaccharide), IgA protease

Front 29

Mention at least 2 major virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis!

Back 29

polysaccharide capsule, LPS, IgA protease

Front 30

What is the site of entry of Neisseria meningitidis infection? What diseases are caused by this bacterium?

Back 30

The site of entry is the nasopharynx (transmitted by airborne droplets).
Meningococcemia (characterized by skin lesions), and acute (purulent) bacterial
meningitis.

Front 31

What kinds of prophylactic measurements are available against Neisseria meningitidis
infections?

Back 31

Chemoprophylaxis: rifampin or ciprofloxacin.
Vaccination: capsular polysaccharide (types A, C, Y and W135). No vaccine against type B!

Front 32

Which rapid diagnostic methods can be used in the presumptive diagnosis of purulent bacterial meningitis?

Back 32

Gram or methylene blue stain of CSF sediment
Demonstration of bacterial capsular antigens by latex agglutination (from CSF)

Front 33

Which capsular serotype is included in the vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae?

Back 33

tybe b

Front 34

Which are the portals of entry of Bacillus anthracis?

Back 34

Skin, lung, gastrointestinal tract

Front 35

Mention 3 important bacteria involved in nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections!

Back 35

Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli

Front 36

Mention four E. coli pathogenetic groups involved in enteric diseases!

Back 36

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC)
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC)

Front 37

What are the most important extraintestinal infections caused by E. coli?

Back 37

urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, nosocomial wound infections

Front 38

The most frequent causative agent of urinary tract infections is:

Back 38

Escherichia coli

Front 39

What disease is caused by E. coli O157:H7?

Back 39

hemorrhagic colitis +/- HUS (hemolytic uraemic syndrome)

Front 40

What is the reservoir of Salmonella typhi?

Back 40

humans (with disease, or healthy carriers)

Front 41

Which bacteria cause most frequently typhoid fever and enteric fever, respectively?

Back 41

Salmonella typhi (typhoid)
Salmonella paratyphi A, B, C (enteric fever)

Front 42

When typhoid fever is suspected, what kinds of clinical samples should be used to isolate the causative agent in the first 2 weeks of the disease?

Back 42

Blood, (bone marrow)

Front 43

What is the route of infection in Salmonella gastroenteritis?

Back 43

Ingestion of contaminated food (such as eggs, cream, mayonnaise, creamed foods, etc.)
containing a sufficient number of Salmonella.

Front 44

Which antibacterial drugs should be administered in gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella?

Back 44

Antibiotics are not usually necessary unless the infection is generalised.
In case of extraintestinal infection (very young, very old or immunosuppressed patients):
ampicillin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, or ciprofloxacin.

Front 45

List the Shigella species causing human disease!

Back 45

Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S.boydii, S. sonnei

Front 46

Mention 2 bacterial species belonging to different genera that cause bacillary dysentery

Back 46

Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)

Front 47

Mention 3 bacterial species belonging to different genera that cause enteritis or enterocolitis!

Back 47

Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella, Yersinia enterocolitica

Front 48

Mention two bacteria causing intestinal infections which have animal reservoirs!

Back 48

Salmonella (not Typhi and Paratyphi!), Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia
enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157

Front 49

What are the modes of transmission for the 2 different epidemiologic forms of plague?

Back 49

- Bubonic plague is transmitted by the bite of infected rat fleas from rats to humans.
- Primary pneumonic plague spreads directly from human to human via respiratory droplets.

Front 50

What are the possible portals of entry of Francisella tularensis?

Back 50

tick bite, mucous membranes, skin abrasions, resp. tract, gastroint. tract

Front 51

How do humans acquire brucellosis? The Brucellae are located primarily in which organ system and cells?

Back 51

Portals of entry are the mucosal surfaces and abraded skin. Organisms spread to the
mononuclear phagocytes of the reticuloendothelial system (lymph nodes, liver, spleen, bone marrow).

Front 52

What are the reservoirs of the different Brucella species, respectively?

Back 52

B. abortus: cattle
B. melitensis: goat, sheep
B. suis: swine

Front 53

What is the mechanism of action of cholera toxin?

Back 53

Cholera toxin activates the adenylate cyclase enzyme in cells of the intestinal mucosa
leading to increased levels of intracellular cAMP, and the secretion of large amount of
water, Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3
- into the lumen of the small intestine.

Front 54

What is the principle of the treatment for cholera?

Back 54

Rapid intravenous or oral replacement of the lost fluid and ions. Administration of
isotonic maintenance solution should continue until the diarrhea ceases. In severe cases:
administration of tetracycline.