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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define active immunization
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Administering a vaccine to a patient activity mounts a protective immune response
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Define passive immunization
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A susceptible individual acquires temporary immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by other individual or animals
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Which type of immunization would be used for an individual recently exposed to or currently infected by a particular pathogen?
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Active
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What is an attenuated vaccine?
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A vaccine that contains active, but avirulent virus
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What are some some risks associated with attenuated vaccines?
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High risks for pregnant women and those that are immunosurpressed. There is also risk of reversion or mutation
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What type of immune response do viral attenuated vaccines trigger?
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Triggers both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses
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What are some examples of commonly given attenuated vaccines?
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MMR, Chicken pox
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What is an inactivated vaccine?
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A vaccine that contains non-living viruses. Whole or subunits of the viruses may be used.
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What are some benefits associated with inactivated vaccines?
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The virus is dead so cannot have herd immunity.
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What are some risks associated with inactivated vaccines?
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1. No herd immunity
2. Whole agents can cause inflammation response 3. Antigenically wek so usually have to coincide with Adjuvant or Booster |
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What type of immune response dok inactivated vaccines trigger?
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Triggers cell-mediated immune response only.
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What are some examples of commonly given inactivated vaccines?
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Polio, Hepatitis A, Influenza
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What is a toxoid vaccine?
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A vaccine made from modified toxins, meaning that they are no longer toxic, but is still antigenic
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What type of immune response do toxoid vaccines trigger?
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They trigger antibody-mediated response only
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What are some examples of commonly given toxoid vaccines?
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Diptheria and Tetnus
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Why do most toxoid vaccines require regular boosters?
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Need regular boosters because the are antigenically weak
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Define herd immunity
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Immunity beyond the individual receiving the vaccine
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What types of vaccines stimulate herd immunity?
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Only attenuated vaccines
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What are some issues associated with vaccine safety?
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1. Mild toxicity - (most common)
2. Anaphylatic shock (Exp: Flu vaccine grown in chicken eggs, if allergic to eggs you go into shock) 3. Residual virulence - passed to immunosurpressed people 4. Preservatives/adjuvants |
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What is an adjuvant?
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Chemical added to a vaccine to increase it's ability to stimulate activate immunity. There are risks of local inflammation and high individual doses and multiple dosing increases risk of producing allergies
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What are some commonly used adjuvants?
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Aluminum phosphate (alum), saponin (soaplike plant product), Mineral oil and Freund's complete adjuvant (mineral oil containing killed mycobacteria)
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What is antisera and when is it used?
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Antisera is blood fluid containing antibodies which bind to and protect against toxins. It is used in passive immunizations during the administration of performed antibodies to a patient. It is common in RSV vaccine for babies.
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What are some benefits associated with attenuated vaccines?
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1. Herd Immunity
2. Has replicating mimcrobes so don't need much 3. Get both types of immune response |
