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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chlorine Use
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Disrupts disulfide bridges (S-S) and oxidizes cysteine groups (S-H). Broad applications, liquid or gaseous. Hypochlorites most commonly used.
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Iodine Use
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Disrupts hydrogen- and sulphur-binding. Free iodine or iodophors (I + polymer). Good against most microbes.
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Alcohol Use
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A protein denaturant at moderate concentrations, and a dessicant at high concentrations. Ethyl and isopropyl alcohol used medically.
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Venipuncture Prep Options
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Isopropyl alcohol, iodine/povidone-iodine, CHG.
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Iodine/povidone-iodine
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Successfully kill skin flora, but stain skin and degrade rubber.
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Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)
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Alternative for people allergic to iodine. Advantages w/o skin staining. Used in catheter insertions.
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Alcohol Venipuncture Prep
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Wipes killed least number, but enough to ensure low risk of contamination. Most convenient, cheapest, most tolerated.
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Phenolics
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Have one or more benzene ring(s) with OH.
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Hydrogen Peroxide
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Good against most microbes. General disinfectant, but collateral skin dmg. Relatives: peracetic acid and ozone gas.
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Detergents
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Reduce surface tension (surfactants) and disrupt membranes. Anionic or cationic (more antimicrobial activity).
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Overuse of Antibiotic/Antibacterials
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Results in naturally selective tolerance. Hypersterile environment causes primitive immune system to attack itself.
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Heavy Metal Compounds
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Mercury and silver most promising, but highly toxic. Used in salt form in solution.
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Aldehydes
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Formaldehyde and gluaraldehyde used medically. Drawback - must be rinsed after treatment.
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Formaldehyde
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Preservative or antimicrobial depending on concentration. Disrupts amino and nucleic acids. Used on surgical instruments.
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Glutaraldehyde
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More effective, for all microbes. Alkylates amino acids. Quickly sterilizes and disinfects. Used on diagnostic and therapeutic equipment, dental tools, vaccine preservative.
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Dyes
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Narrow spectra of microbes. Stain. Limited to topical use for skin infections and wound care.
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Acids and Alkalis
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Make pH disfavorable. Broad household cleaning uses.
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Organic Acids
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Primarily food safety use: acetic (microbistatic), benzoic and sorbic (fungistatic), lactic (bacteristatic), proprionic (fungistatic).
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Gases
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Ethylene oxide (ETO), propylene dioxide, and chlorine dioxide most common. Also ozone. Good for most microbes & spores thru alkylation.
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Ethylene Oxide
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Effective sporicide & germicide. Logistically impractical: explosive, slow-working, & subjects must be aerated.
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