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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
A typical prokaryote cell contains how many chromosomes?
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One.
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The basic building block of a DNA molecule is the...
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nucleotide.
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The observable physical traits of an organism are collectively referred to as its ....
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Phenotype.
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Physical starts with "PH".
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An organism's genetic makeup is it's ....
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Genotype.
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Keyword
GENETIC |
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There are four nitrogenous bases found in DNA. What are they?
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Adenine, thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.
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In a DNA molecule thymine is always paired with ______ and guanine is always paired with ______.
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thymine is always paired with ADENINE and guanine is always paired with CYTOSINE.
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When DNA molecules are replicated, each strand serves as a _____ for the synthesis of the other.
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Template.
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the point at which the two DNA strands separate to allow replication of DNA on a prokaryotic chromosome are known as _______.
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The replication forks.
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The enzyme ______ moves behind replication forks, synthesizing new DNA strands complementary to the parent strands.
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DNA polymerase.
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space aged ____.
hint: what is it synthesizing? It doesn't do it in fragments. It is continuous like creating a zipper to the parent strand. |
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New DNA molecules contain one half old material and one half new. Their synthesis is therefore called ______.
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Semiconservative.
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The three forms of RNA are ____, ____, and ____.
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mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
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The smallest of the RNA molecules is _____, each of which transports a single type of ______ for protein synthesis.
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tRNA -
amino acid. |
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___ molecules combine with specific amino acids and bring them to the ____ during translation.
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tRNA -
ribosome. |
keyword = bring
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The genes of prokaryotes (bacteria) do NOT contain ____, whereas those of eukaryotes almost always do. When these noncoding regions are removed from the precursor mRNA, the remaining _____ form the mature or final mRNA molecule.
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INTRONS,
EXONS form the mature/final mRNA molecule. |
no interns.
Exit is final. |
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In the overall protein synthesis process, the formation of mRNA from a DNA template is called ______.
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transcription.
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RX drug = mRNA
perscription = DNA Synthesizing sheet music. |
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the synthesis of a protein molecule from information in mRNA from a DNA template is called _____.
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transcription.
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Messenger "writes" a messege.
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A ______ is one set of three nucleotides on "mRNA" that codes for a particular amino acid. A(n) _____ is the complementary set of nucleotides on "tRNA".
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codon,
anticodon. |
Remember that the bottom carrier part of mRNA displays three letters which is called a ___.
Only complements the process. |
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In eukaryotes transcription takes place in the _____, and translation generally occurs in the ______.
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nucleus,
cytoplasm at the ribosome. |
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The initiator (start) codon is what three letters and which codon? Which amino acid does it codes for?
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AUG, Missense
methionine. |
The initiator starts in what month?
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The last codon in a mRNA molecule that specifies the end of a protein molecule is known as a _____ codon.
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STOP/nonsense
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Enzymes that are always produced by the cell under all conditions are called ____.
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constituitive.
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keyword = always.
Justice for "ALL" conditions. |
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Enzymes that are produced only when certain conditions exist are called ____.
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inducible enzymes.
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keyword - "Certain" conditions. NOT "ALL" conditions. Need a super hero only under certain conditions.
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A permanent change in a DNA molecule is called a ____.
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mutation.
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A ____ mutation affects a single nitrogenous base, and ____ mutation can affect more than one base in DNA.
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base constitution (point mutation),
Frameshift. Think of the ladder. A point mutation effects one rung (nitrogen base) whereas a Frameshift effects multple rungs (nitrogenous bases). |
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The substitution of one nitrogenous base for another at a specific location in a gene occurs in a ____ mutation. Three types of point mutations are ____, ____, and ____.
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Base or Point mutation,
missense, nonsense, and silent. |
keywords = "SPECIFIC" Keyword = nitro. "BASE"
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In frameshift mutation there is either a ____ or an ____ of one or more bases.
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deletion,
insertion. |
Frameshifting positions to place it inside.
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Wild-type strains that often have the ability to grow on a minimal medium are called ____. If this ability is lost, the organism becomes an_____.
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prototrophs,
auxotrophs. |
Wild type = proto types
Ability = "A" = |
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____ mutations occur in the absence of any agent known to cause mutations.
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Spontaneous.
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keyword - absence.
The absence of anything causing a mutation. It just suddenly happens for no reason. Like a person catching fire. |
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Substances that increase mutation rates are called ____.
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mutagens.
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Could be chemical or radiation.
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Cancer causing compounds are referred to as ____.
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carcinogens.
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Notice all the letter "C's".
Car go beep-beep. |
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The Ames test identifies substances as mutagenic by their ability to induce mutations in certain bacteria that are unable to synthesize the amino acid _____.
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Histidine.
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Ames is historic.
Keyword - Historic is word similar to ?? |
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What is the function of the PCR procedure?
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.. to make multiple copies of DNA.
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____ is the combining of genes (DNA) from two different cells.
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Recombination...
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The first method of genetic transfer between bacteria is called ____.
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transformation - because a parent creates daughter cells.
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keyword = transfer
It is the first process. |
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Two methods of genetic transfer between bacteria are ____, which requires cell-to-cell contact, and ____ which involves bacteriophages being mixed with a host bacteria.
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conjugation,
transduction |
a prison visit
and to be pulled underground. |
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A bacterial virus that does not cause the death of its host but becomes incorporated into the host's DNA is called a ____ phage.
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Lysogenic - prophage.
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Phage DNA that is incorporated into a baterial host's DNA is known as a ____.
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Prophage.
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in-corporation =
Professional |
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____ is the state in which a prophage persists within a bacterial host without replication or without host cell destruction.
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Lysogeny. When the host is NOT destroyed as is the case in a Lytic cycle.
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keyword = "state"
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____ is the genetic transfer in which much larger DNA quantities can be transferred than in transduction.
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Conjugation.
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Transduction transfers smaller DNA quantities. |
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Generally circular, self-replicating, small extra-chromosomal DNA molecules are known as ____.
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Plasmid.
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Circular = vinyl record
Going platnum. |
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These are called "jumping genes" ____.
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Transposons.
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Trampoline jumping.
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A segment of DNA that encodes a funtional product, usually a protein.
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Gene.
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encodes "funtional" wear.
Here is my product I want to mass produce. |
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DNA basically consists of ___, ___, and ___.
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Sugar, phosphate, and nitogen base held together with a hydrogen bond.
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DNA is copied by ____.
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DNA polymerase which moves along the Parent side just after the replication forks.
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a spaced aged ___.
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The joining of DNA fragments by DNA polymerase is called ___.
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DNA Ligase. Okazaki fragments.
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leg
ass |
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This enzyme copies RNA from a DNA template.
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RNA polymerase.
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The template is made of spaced age polymers with RNA.
Keyword = "copies" |
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RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together.
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Ribozyme.
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what do you get when you cross ribosome with an enzyme
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The synthesis of a strand of RNA from DNA is a process called ____.
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Transcription.
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sythesis of RNA always occurs with mRNA in mind.
It goes hand-in-hand with "rewriting". |
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Transcription occurs in the ___ of Eukaryotes and ___ or prokaryotes.
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Nucleus,
cytoplasm. |
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Protein synthesis is called ___ because it involves decoding the language of nucleic acids and converting that information into the language of proteins.
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Translation.
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Keywords = decoding the "language"
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Coding regions that code for protein; expressed.
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Exons.
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intervening Noncoding regions of DNA that don't encode protein; inhibited (cut-out).
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Introns.
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Keyword = cut-out like an intern who is not really part of the company.
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Bacteria only have ____ not ____.
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Exons.
Introns. Bacteria do not have introns. |
bacteria have gas.
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____ are a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or stop signal.
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Condons.
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Three ply so she can't get pregnant.
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Translation of mRNA begins or initializes from a _____. It is the beginning of translation.
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START condon: AUG; Missense
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Keyword: "begins" synonomys with ___.
Summer month. |
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Tranlation ENDS at the ____.
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NONSENSE (stop) codon:
UAA, UAG, UGA. |
Oh, that's a bunch of ___.
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Remove introns and splice the exons together.
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snRNPs.
or Ribozymes. |
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When two tRNA are near one another inside a ribosome a ____ forms.
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Peptide bond forms.
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A long chain called a ___ is pieced together as each tRNA assembles amino acids then enters/departs.
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Polypeptide chain. Like knitting a sweater.
A stop codon/nonsense mutation releases the newly formed polypeptide chain. |
keyword = chain
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Agents such as chemicals and radiation that directly or indirectly bring about mutations is called.
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Mutagens.
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what is a catalyst for any mutation?
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Base substitutions or point mutation:
A mutation that will result in a change of the amino acid is called. |
Missense mutation. It's not a nonsense (stop) mutation nor a silent mutation so it's obviously the only one left, a missense mutation.
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"change" is a mistake.
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This mutation results for a stop codon.
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Nonsense mutation.
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keyword = nonsense.
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Mutation that doesn't effect amino acids also the most common as it occurs in all of us.
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Silent mutation.
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The most severe mutation causing the production of an inactive protein.
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Frameshift mutation.
Similar to text: the cat ate the rat. theatatetherat... is missing a piece of information. |
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Causes the formation of ions that can react with nucleotides and the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone.
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Ionizing radiation:
X-rays and Gamma rays. |
Ions is the keyword.
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UV light is nonionizing (260nm) yet cause ___. Although cell can usually repair it.
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Thymines in a DNA strand to cross-link to form Thymine Dimers.
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linking Coins.
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Mutant having a nutritional requirement "absent" of Parent that must be "synthesized" in order to grow is called a ____.
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Auxotroph.
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Sound.
Keyword - synthesized (synthesizer makes sound). Nutritional sound. It lives on sound. |
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The exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations on a chromosome.
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Gentic recombination.
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keyword = Genes
keyword = combinations keyword = exchange |
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Encapsulated bacteria mixed with noncapsulated shared DNA. Dead, heat-killed encapsulated bacteria, although dead, may release their DNA while a live noncapsulated bacteria may utilize pieces of it's chromosome resulting in the live bacteria's ____.
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Gentic transformation.
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What transforms?
The dead bacteria no longer need their pair of genes so the live bacteria wears their genes. |
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1- Cell to cell contact
2- Opposite mating type; donor must carry plasmid while recipient does not. These are requirements for ___. |
Conjugation requirements.
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Circular piece of DNA that replicates independently from cell's chromosome and not typically essential for cell growth.
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Plasmid.
F+ = plasmid donor/carrier F- = recipient |
keyword = circular = vinyl record
going platnum. |
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Bacteria DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell with a virus that only infects bacteria is a called ____.
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Bacteriophage
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Keywords = bacteria DNA
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Self replicating extra-chromosomal DNA are called ____.
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Plasmids.
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Self replicating like validating.
Hey Blood. |
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Carrier genes for sex pili. Also transfer of the plasmid.
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Conjugative plasmid.
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Carries jeans following a physical visit in platnum prison.
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These encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds; unusual sugars.
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Dissimilation plasmids.
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Unusual; not similar.
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Encode antibiotic resistance - plasmids
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R-factors.
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keyword - resistance starts with "R".
Reilly factor. |
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Jumping genes; Cutting and reseating; may move from one site on a chromosome to another or to another plasmid. Segments of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another.
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Transposons.
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Keyword - jumping genes.
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A strand of DNA is a long string of ____.
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Nucleotides.
A nucleotide consists of a sugar, Phosphate, and nitrogen. |
Long tsunami
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The place through which protein is assembled (protein assembly line) or where mRNA is fed is the ____.
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Ribosomes.
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Each group of three bases in mRNA that code for the production of an _____ is called a codon.
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Amino acid.
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mRNA = "m" stands for meaty as in protein as in =
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In a DNA strand, the rungs of the 'ladder' are made of ____.
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nitrogen bases
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Sugar, Phosphate, and ____.
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In a DNA strand, the sides of backbone of the 'ladder' are made up of _____ and ____.
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sugar and phosphate
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What materials make up each nucleotide in a DNA molecule?
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nitrogen bases, sugar, phosphate
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A ___ is a set of instructions for each trait, instructions on how to make a protein and a portion of a strand of DNA
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Gene.
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Instructions on how to strut that stuff. Now that's a trait.
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The organism's appearance is known as its ____.
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Phenotype.
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Ph for physical appearance.
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The inherited combination of basic attritibutes is known as the offspring's ___.
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Genotype.
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basic attributes are keywords.
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The set of instructions for each characteristic donated by the parent to the offspring is called __.
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Genes.
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Parent's characteristics. You have your mother's ____. Not a physical trait.
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Self replicating DNA that is used to carry the desired gene to a new cell.
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Vector. A plasmid is a Vector.
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The population of cells arising from one cell; each carries the new gene. The new cells are a ___ of the original cell.
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clone
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What two organisms are used the most in genetic engineering?
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E. Coli
Sacharomyces Cerevisiae. |
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What do restriction enzymes do?
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1-cut specific sequences of DNA.
2-Protect cell by hydrolyzing phage DNA. 3-Cuts or digests one articular sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA and cuts it the same way each time. 4-Destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells. 5-They cannot digest hosts DNA with methylated cytosines. |
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What is the purpose of PCR?
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To make multiple copies of of a piece of DNA.
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Electroporation
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electrical current forms pores in cell's membranes.
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Exons are ___.
introns are ___. |
DNA that code for protein
DNA that don't code for protein |
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly used as ____.
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bakers yeast.
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In Eukaryotes translation generally occurs in the ______.
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cytoplasma at the ribosome.
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Mutation that doesn't effect amino acids.
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Silent mutation. It occurs in all of us.
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Transferring process of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell by a bacteriophage.
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Transduction.
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"Transfer" of DNA from a donor to a recipient as naked DNA in solution.
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Transformation.
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Feedback inhibition differs from repression because feedback inhibition....
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Stops the action of preexisting enzymes.
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Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance by all of the following except ____.
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snRNPs or ribozymes.
But It can through R-factors. |
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Plasmids differ from Transposons because plasmids .....
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are self replicated outside the chromosome.
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Restriction enzymes were first discovered with the observation that .....
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phage DNA is destroyed in a host cell.
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Which is the forth basic step to genetically modify a cell?
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Ligation.
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Self-replicating DNA for "transmitting" a gene from one organism to another.
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Vector.
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A population of cells carrying a desired plasmid.
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Clone.
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