Microbiology Chapter 7

Front 1

macronutrients

Back 1

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur

Front 2

micronutrients

Back 2

trace elements such as K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, Fe, Mn, Zn, etc.

Front 3

amino acids that are made by the body

Back 3

non-essential

Front 4

amino acids that you have to eat

Back 4

essential

Front 5

essential nutrient

Back 5

one not synthesized by the cell

Front 6

elements in protein

Back 6

CHONS

Front 7

elements in nucleic acids

Back 7

CHONP

Front 8

major elements in carbohydrates and fats

Back 8

CHO

Front 9

how much mass does CHONPS take up in the cell

Back 9

96-98%

Front 10

functions of micronutrients

Back 10

osmotic balance, enzyme cofactors, endospore structure, protein folding

Front 11

organisms that get their carbon sources from organic sources

Back 11

decomposers

Front 12

organisms that get their carbon sources from inorganic sources like carbon dioxide

Back 12

photosynthesizers

Front 13

Nitrogen gas does

Back 13

nitrogen fixation

Front 14

inorganic sources for nitrogen are

Back 14

nitrates, nitrites, ammonia

Front 15

organic sources for nitrogen are

Back 15

amino acids, purines, pyrimidines

Front 16

oxygen and hydrogen can be

Back 16

gas, water, salts, and organics

Front 17

phosphates and sulfer can be...

Back 17

salts, organics, sulfur also in gases

Front 18

heterotroph

Back 18

depends on other life forms for organic molecules-they eat it

Front 19

autotrophs

Back 19

self feeders that depend on inorganic molecules such as photosynthesizers who use CO2

Front 20

energy sources that identify organism

Back 20

light, organics, or inorganics

Front 21

light + organic

Back 21

photoheterotroph

Front 22

organic

Back 22

chemoheterotroph

Front 23

inorganic

Back 23

chemoautotroph

Front 24

photoautotrophs

Back 24

derive energy from sunlight, transform light rays into chemical energy, and primary producers of organic matter and oxygen

Front 25

examples of photoautotrophs

Back 25

algae, plants, and some bacteria

Front 26

chemoorganic autotroph

Back 26

derives energy from organic compounds but use inorganic compounds as carbon sources

Front 27

lithoautotrophs

Back 27

neither sunlight nor organics used, rather organisms totally rely on inorganics

Front 28

chemoheterotrophs

Back 28

derive both carbon and energy sources from organic compounds

Front 29

decomposers of plant, litter, animal matter, and dead microbes

Back 29

saprobic

Front 30

live in or on the body of a host

Back 30

parasitic

Front 31

parasite that has to live on living things and it is an opportunistic pathogen, but the host isn't hurt

Back 31

obligate

Front 32

parasite lives on dead or alive organisms

Back 32

facultative

Front 33

define osmosis

Back 33

water moves toward areas with the higher solute concentration. diffusion of water through a permeable but selective membrane

Front 34

concentration of salt inside the cell is the same as the concentration outside of the cell

Back 34

isotonic

Front 35

concentration of salt outside of the cell is lower than the concentration of salt inside the cell

Back 35

hypotonic

Front 36

concentration of salt outside the cell is higher than the concentration of salt inside the cell

Back 36

hypertonic

Front 37

hypotonic causes cells to...

Back 37

lysis

Front 38

hypertonic causes cells to...

Back 38

crenolation

Front 39

define diffusion

Back 39

net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, no energy is expended, concentration gradient and permeability affect movement

Front 40

smaller particles move faster or slower

Back 40

faster

Front 41

high temperature makes molecules move faster or slower

Back 41

faster

Front 42

define facilitated diffusion

Back 42

transport of polar molecules and ions across membrane, no energy is required, carrier and channel proteins

Front 43

describe channel proteins

Back 43

look like long hallways with a defined diameter which fits a certain ion

Front 44

descibe carrier proteins

Back 44

fit a certain shape of molecule or ion by specificity, saturation, and competition

Front 45

How do gated channels open

Back 45

a ligand or a hormone has to attach to it and open it up

Front 46

describe active transport

Back 46

transport of molecules against a gradient, requires energy, uses pumps

Front 47

describe endocytosis

Back 47

substances are taken in, but are not transported through the membrane (engulfed), requires energy, common in eukaryotes

Front 48

three types of endocytosis are...

Back 48

phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and receptor mediated endocytosis (protein receptors in surface of membrane trigger membrane to fold) viruses do this

Front 49

0-15 degrees celsius are known as

Back 49

psychrophiles

Front 50

20-40 degrees celsius are known as

Back 50

mesophiles

Front 51

45-80 degress celsius are known as

Back 51

thermophiles

Front 52

two gases that have the most influence on microbial growth are...

Back 52

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 53

describe obligate aerobe

Back 53

requires oxygen for metabolism, possess enzymes that can neutralize toxic oxygen radicals (superoxide dismutase and catalase), fungi, protozoa and bacteria do this

Front 54

describe facultative anaerobe

Back 54

does not require oxygen to metabolize but can grown in its presence, anaerobic respiration or fermentation occurs, possess superoxide dismutase and catalase

Front 55

describe obligate anaerobe

Back 55

cannot use oxygen for metabolism, do not possess superoxide dismutase or catalase, presence of oxygen is toxic

Front 56

cells that grow between pH 6-8

Back 56

neutrophiles

Front 57

cells that grow between pH 0-3

Back 57

acidophiles

Front 58

cells that grow between pH 10-14

Back 58

alkalinophiles

Front 59

requires high salt concentrations

Back 59

halophiles

Front 60

can withstand UV, infrared

Back 60

radiation

Front 61

can withstand high pressure

Back 61

barophiles

Front 62

can survive dry habitats

Back 62

endospores and cysts

Front 63

define symbiotic

Back 63

organisms that live in close nutritional relationship

Front 64

mutualism (give meaning and example)

Back 64

both organisms benefit, example is protozoan cells get growth factor from algae and algae get nurtured by protozoan cell

Front 65

commensalism (give meaning and example)

Back 65

one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed or benefitted (example: satellitism where one microorganism provides nutritional or protective factors needed by the other)

Front 66

parasitism (give meaning and example)

Back 66

one benefits while the other is damaged (example: cestodes in the intestines of a human)

Front 67

define non-symbiotic

Back 67

organisms are free-living and do not rely on each other for survival

Front 68

synergism (give meaning and example)

Back 68

shared metabolism, not required (example: biofilms)

Front 69

antagonism (give meaning and example)

Back 69

competition between microorganisms, they fight (example: soil-mixed communities compete for space and food)

Front 70

give steps of binary fission

Back 70

purpose is the division of bacterial cell
step 1: cell enlarges and duplicates DNA, DNA gets lassoed to the membrane
step 2: septum formation divides cell into two separate chambers
step 3: complete division results in two identical cells

Front 71

what is the time required for a complete division cycle (doubling)?

Back 71

20 min

Front 72

Nf=Ni x 2^t/20min

Back 72

kafid

Front 73

what happens in the lag phase?

Back 73

cells are enlarging, adjusting, and synthesizing proteins and metabolites, not doubling at maximum growth rate

Front 74

What happens in log phase?

Back 74

maximum exponential growth rate of cell because of adequate nutrients and favorable environment

Front 75

what happens in stationary phase?

Back 75

number of cells dividing equal that of the cells dying

Front 76

what happens in the death phase?

Back 76

majority of cells die due to lack of nutrients

Front 77

What do chemostats do?

Back 77

provide a continuous supply of nutrients so the death phase is never achieved (can make insulin in this way)