Microbiology- Chapter 5 ( The Eukaryotic Microorganisms)

Front 1

What do Eukaryotes have that Prokaryotes dont?

Back 1

• Have a membrane surrounding DNA- Nucleus
• Have internal membrane- bound organelles
• Larger; 10-100um in diameter
• More complex structure
• Comprised of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants

Front 2

What is the endosymbiotic theory of Eukaryotes?

Back 2

• Eukaryotic cell evolved from an association between
o Large anaerobic prokaryote
o Oxygen requiring heterotrophy (mitochondria)
o Photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
• At the beginning, they were undigested prey to internal parasites
• Retained portion of DNA, ribosomes (70S), and cytoplasmic membranes

Front 3

What are the functions of flagella and cilia?

Back 3

projections used for cellular locomotion

Front 4

Describe the structure of flagella and how it works.

Back 4

• Few an long
• Filaments anchored to cell by basal body; no hook
• May be single or multiple; generally found at one pole of cell
• Do not rotate, but undulate rhythmically

Front 5

Describe the structure of cilia and how it works.

Back 5

• Shorter and more numerous than flagella
• Coordinated beating propels cells through their environment
• Also used to move substances past the surface of the cell

Front 6

Describe the internal structures of flagella and cilia?

Hint: 2X9+2

Back 6

• Cytoplasm containing microtubules
• Nine pairs of microtubules arranged in a ring (2x9+2) (The outer ring has 9 pairs, and the center has a pair.)
• Microtubules composed of tubulin
• Surrounded by the plasma membrane

Front 7

Compare the pattern of movement of flagella in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Back 7

• Prokaryotic flagellum- rotation
• Eukaryotic flagellum –wavelike motion

Front 8

Do all Eukaryotes have cell walls?

Back 8

No

Front 9

Describe the content of the call wall of algae?

hint: Various Polysaccharides.

Back 9

• Algae- cellulose, silicate, agar

Front 10

Describe the content of the call wall of Fungi?

hint: Various Polysaccharides.

Back 10

fungi- chitin (insects)

Front 11

Describe the content of the cell wall of Yeast.

Hint:Various polysaccharides

Back 11

• Yeast- glucan and mannan

Front 12

Describe the content of the cell wall of Protozoa.

Hint:Various polysaccharides

Back 12

• Protozoa- do not have a typical cell wall- flexible outer covering- pellicle

Front 13

Compare and contrast the cell membrane (cytoplasmic membrane) of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Back 13

• Similar to the plasma membrane of prokaryotes (phospholipid layer)
o Functions as a selective permeable barrier


• Differences:
o Contains carbohydrates which serve as receptor sites in the cell to cell communication
o Sterols- provide stability of the membrane

Front 14

List the organelles.

Back 14

o Nucleus
o Endoplasmic reticulum
o Golgi complex
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
o Mitochondria
o Chloroplasts

NOTE:
• Not all organelles are present in all cells

Front 15

What is the largest structure in the cell?

Back 15

The nucleus

Front 16

Describe what the Nucleus' structure, function and what it contains.

Back 16

• The largest structure in the cell. Spherical or oval
• Contains DNA which is combined with proteins- histones
• Nuclear envelope- double layered membrane
• Nuclear pores enables communication of nucleus with the cytoplasm
• Contains nucleolus (nucleoli)- site of RNA synthesis

Front 17

How does DNA appear in non-reproducing phase?

Back 17

• In non-reproducing phase DNA appears as a threadlike mass- chromatin

Front 18

How does DNA appear in reproducing phase?

Back 18

• In reproducing phase chromatin threads become shorter and thicker- chromosomes

Front 19

What are the proteins which are combined with DNA called?

Back 19

Histones

Front 20

What are the two types of ER and their functions? ( Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Back 20

• Rough- with ribosomes
o Synthesis and transport of proteins and phospholipids
• Smooth- without ribosomes
o Synthesis of phospholipids, fats, steroids

Front 21

Describe the general structure and function of the ER.

Back 21

• Network of flattened membranous sacks
• Continuous to nuclear envelope
• Transportation of substances from the nucleus to cytoplasm

Front 22

Describe the location and structure of the golgi complex.

Back 22

• Complex of flattened sacks composed of phospholipid bilayer
• Found close to the ER
• Receives proteins packaged in transitional vesicles (budded off the ER)

Front 23

Describe the function of the golgi complex.

HINT: Fedex

Back 23

• Function: modifies, packages and delivers proteins by secretory vesicles
o Within the cell
o Outside the cell (vesicle is fused with a cytoplasmic membrane and its content released- excytosis

Front 24

What is excytosis?

Back 24

vesicle is fused with a cytoplasmic membrane and its content released

Front 25

Describe the structure and function of Lysosomes.

Back 25

• Membrane enclosed spheres
• Fuses with the food vesicle- phagolysosome
• Digest macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms

Front 26

True or false.

Lysosomes are formed from the Golgi Complex.

Back 26

True

Front 27

What enzymes do Lysosomes contain?

Back 27

•Contain the catabolic enzymes (including lysozyme)

Front 28

Describe the structure of Mitochondria.

Back 28

• Rod-shaped or spherical structures
• Double membrane
o Outer membrane (smooth)
o Inner membrane (folded) – forming cristea
• Matrix- central part of a mitochondrium
• Cristae are the sites for many chemical reactions

Front 29

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Back 29

• Main role is in the ATP production (‘powerhouse of the cell”)

Front 30

True or Flase.

Mitochondria does not contain its own DNA, so it doesn't replicate independently.

Back 30

False.

Front 31

How type of ribosomes does mitochondria contain?

HINT: Originated from prokaryotic cells.

Back 31

• Contains 70S ribosomes

Front 32

How are Chloroplasts and Mitochondria alike?

Back 32

•Both have 70S ribosomes contain their own DNA

Front 33

Describe the function and structure of Chloroplast.

Back 33

• Membrane enclosed structure which is the site of photosynthesis
• Inside the chloroplast there are flattened membrane sacks- thylakoids (stacked together- grana)- contain chlorophyll

Front 34

How does Chloroplast replicate?

Back 34

Replication by simple division

Front 35

What is the structure of cytoplasm and its function.

Back 35

• The substance inside the plasma membrane
• Cytoplasmic streaming- the movement of the cytoplasm

Front 36

What is the internal structure of the cytoplasm.

Back 36

• Internal structure- cytoskeleton
o Microfilaments- rods
o Microtubules- cylinders
• Provide:
o Support and shape of the cell
o Transportation of substances throughout the cell

Front 37

Describe Ribosomes. ( Structure, function, location)

Back 37

• Granular structures- sites of protein synthesis
• They are either
o Attached to the ER or the nuclear membrane
o Free in the cytoplasm
• Larger than prokaryotic ribosomes (80S- subunits -60S+40S)

Front 38

Whats in the Kingdom of Fungi?

Back 38

“The kingdom of the Fungi”
• Morphology:
o Yeast- unicellular
o Molds- multicellular
o Mushrooms –macroscpoic

Front 39

Where is fungi found?

Back 39

Found in: water, soil, on animal or plant hosts (parasitic)

Front 40

Describe what Molds are made up of.

Back 40

ody consists of filaments- hyphae
o Septate hyphae- cross walls(septa) divide hyphae into cell-like units
o Nonseptate hyphae- the whole hypha is one cell with many nuclei
• Hyphae make up mycelium

Front 41

What is a fungal infection called?

Back 41

mycosis

Front 42

Are fungi autotrophs or hetetrophs?

Back 42

• Fungi are heterotrophs- require organic compounds for their growth


o Saprobes- on dead plants and animals
o Parasites- on living organisms

Front 43

True or False.

Fungi grow better at pH around 5

Back 43

true

Front 44

Describe fungal nutrition.

HINT: Aerobic or Anaerobic?

Back 44

• Most fungi are aerobic with exception of yeast (facultative anaerobes)
• More resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria
• Can grow with very low moisture
• Can metabolize complex carbohydrates (cellulose, lignin)

Front 45

True or False.

Fungi are less resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria

Back 45

FALSE

More resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria

Front 46

Describe the two types of reproduction of Fungi.

Back 46

Asexual spores
• Formation of spores by fragmentation of hyphae
o Conidiospores (spores not enclosed in a sac)
o Sporangiospores- spores enclosed within a sac- sporangium


Sexual spore formation
• Union of fertile hyphae- development of fruiting structures

Front 47

What is the morphology of protozoa?

Back 47

• Morphology:
o Unicellular
o Lack of cell wall (ectoplasma)
o Some have a mouth-like opening

Front 48

Describe the nutrition of Protozoa.

Back 48

• Nutrition: heterotrophic or parasitic

Front 49

Describe where Protozoa live and how they reproduce.

Back 49

• Habitat: water and soil, some are parasitic


• Reproduction:
o Asexual- by mitotic division
o Sexual- conjugation
o Encystment- cyst enables parasitic protozoa to survive outside the host

Front 50

Where do Algae live?

Back 50

• Ecology
o Marine and freshwater environments
o Primary producers
o Some algae are toxic

Front 51

What is the nutrition of Algae ( Autotrophs.. ect.)

Back 51

• Eukaryotic phototrophs ( Photosynthetic)

Front 52

What is the morphology of Alage?

Back 52

• Morphology:
o Microscopic: unicellular, filamentous, colonial
o Macroscopic multicellular (seaweed) body is called thallus

Front 53

What are the two types of medically important protozoas.

Back 53

Amoebas and Flagellates.

Front 54

What disease does Entamoeba hystolytican (Amoeba) cause?

Back 54

• Entamoeba histolytica causes dysentery when in human intestines

Front 55

What disease does Trichromona vaginalis cause?

HINT: Bomchikawawa

Back 55

• Trichromona- a parasite, found in vagina and in the male urinary tract
• Transmitted by sexual intercourse. It does not have cysts- it is sensitive

Front 56

What disease does Trypanosome brucei cause?

HINT: Zzzzz... bbbzzzzz

Back 56

• Trypanosome brucei causes African sleeping sickness
• Transmitted by tsetse fly