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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is simple diffusion?
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Movement of a solute from high concentration to low concentration.
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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When solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.
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What is osmosis?
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Osmosis if the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an are of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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What is osmotic pressure?
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The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.
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How does water move across membranes?
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They move across either by going directly through the lipid layer or through an aquaporin.
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What is active transport?
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Movement across a membrane that required a transporter protein and ATP
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What is group translocation?
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Movement across a membrane that requites a transporter protein and PEP.
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What agents can cause injury to the bacterial plasma membrane?
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Antimicrobial agents called polymyxins cause leakage of intracellular contents and subsequent cell death, also alcohols and quaternary ammonium compounds are harmful to the bacterial plasma membrane.
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What is cytoplasm?
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The substance inside the plasma membrane.
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What is the nucleoid?
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The nucleoid is the bacterial chromosome.
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The prokaryotic ribosome is.....
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used for protein synthesis and is 70s (containing 50s and 30s subunits)
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What are endospores?
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They are resting cells, are resistant to desiccation, heat and chemicals. Bacillus and Clostridium are two genera with endospores
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What are the functions of inclusions?
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Metachromatic granules (volutin) = phosphate reserves.
Polysaccharide granules = energy reserves Lipid inclusions = energy reserves. Sulfur granules = ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation. Gas vacules = protein-covered cylinders Magnetosomes = Iron oxide (destroys h2o2 |
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What is sporulation?
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Endospore formation.
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What is germination?
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A return to vegetative state.
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Where is the DNA located in the eukaryotic cell?
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The DNA is located in the nucleus.
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What is the difference of prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?
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A prokaryotic flagellum rotates, while a eukaryotic flagellum moves like a wave.
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What is the eukaryotic glycocalyxe?
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They are carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane, and are bonded to proteins and lipids in membranes.
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What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls?
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Eukaryotic cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, Instead they contain cellulose, chitin, glucan, or mannan.
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What is the difference between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic plasma membrane?
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They are very similar except eukaryotic plasma membrane also contains sterols. Group translocation does not occur in eukaryotic cells. However, they can use endocytosis.
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What is the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasm?
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The major difference is that eukaryotic cytoplasm contains a complex internal structure, consisting of exceedingly small rods (microfilaments and intermediate filaments) and cylinders (microtubules). Together forming the cytoskeleton.
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What is cytoplasmic streaming?
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The movement of cytoplasm throughout cells.
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What is the structure and function of the eukaryotic ribosome?
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It is responsible for protein synthesis, it is 80s in membrane bound (attached to ER) and free in cytoplasm, it is 70s in chloroplasts and mitochondria.
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The antibiotic erythromycin binds with the 50s portion of a ribosome. What effect does that have on a prokaryotic cell? What about a eukaryotic cell?
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A prokaryotic cell would stop producing proteins completely whilst a eukaryotic cell's mitochondria or chlorloplasts would be the only thing effected.
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Define organelle.
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Organelles are structure with specific shapes and specialized functions and are characteristic of eukaryotic cells.
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What is function of the nucleus?
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The nucleus contains DNA in the form of chromosomes.
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What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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It is the transport network of the cell.
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What is the Golgi complex?
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It functions as membrane formation and secretion.
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What is the lysosome?
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Lysosome contains digestive enzymes.
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What is a vacuole?
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A vacuole brings food into cells and provides support.
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What is the mitochondrion responsible for?
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Cellular respiration.
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What does the chloroplast do?
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Photosynthesis.
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What does peroxisome do?
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Oxidation of fatty acids, destroys H2O2
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What is a centrosome?
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Consists of protein fibers and centrioles.
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What is the difference between the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and the nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell?
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The nucleus in membrane bound and contains chromosomes. The nucleoid is not membrane bound and floats freely.
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How does the rough and smooth ER compare structurally?
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Structurally, the rough and smooth ER are different in that the rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is continuous with the nuclear membrane. The smooth ER extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules.
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How does the rough and smooth ER compare functionally?
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Proteins are synthesized on the rough ER enter cisterns within the ER for processing and sorting. The smooth ER does not synthesize proteins but it does synthesize phospholipids, fats, and steroids such as estrogens and testosterone.
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Which three organelles are not associated with the Golgi complex? What does this suggest about their orgin?
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The nucleolus, mitochondria, and the centrioles are all not associated with the golgi complex. It is theorized in the endosymbiotic theory that these were ancient bacteria that were engulfed by another ancient cell.
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