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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words meaning...
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Prenucleus
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Eukaryote comes from the Greek words meaning...
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True nucleus
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Name some distinguishing traits for prokaryotes.
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There are 6 main ones listed in the chapter: One circular chromosome, not in a membrane, no histones, no organelles, peptidoglycan cell walls if bacteria, pseudomurein cell walls if Archaea, and binary fission
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Name some distinguishing traits for eukaryotes.
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There are 5 listed in the chapter, they are: paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane, histones, organelles, polysaccharide cell walls, and a mitotic spindle.
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What is the main feature that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
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The nucleus.
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What are the three basic types of bacteria?
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Baccillus (rod-shaped), Coccus (spherical), and Spiral (spirillum, vibro, spirochete).
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What are the arrangements of bacteria?
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Pairs: Diplo- Ex. Diplococci
Clusters: Staph- Ex. Staphylococci Chains: Strept- Ex. Streptococci |
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How would you identify streptococci under a microscope?
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They would be circular shaped bacteria in a chain.
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Describe the structure and function of glycocalyx.
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An outside cell wall, usually sticky. If referred to as a capsule it is neatly organized. If referred to as a slime layer it is unorganized and loose.
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What is EPS?
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Extracellular polysaccharide, a substance that allows a cell to attach to environment.
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What do capsules prevent?
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Phagocytosis.
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What is a flagella?
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A flagella is a long tail like structure made up of chains of flagellin, attached to a protein hook, anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body, and can be in different positions.
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How do cells with flagella move?
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Rotate the flagella to run, swim or tumble. Also can swarm if there are many flagella. They move toward or away stimuli called taxis which can be phototaxis or chemotaxis.
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What are axial filaments?
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Also called endoflagella, are in spirochetes, anchored at one end of a cell, are structurally similar to flagellum, and rotate to cause cell movement.
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What are fimbriae?
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The are hair like appendages, allow attachment, adherence and biofilm.
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What are pili?
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They facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another, have gliding and twitching motility, and number one or two per cell.
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Why are bacterial capsules medically important?
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They are usually more chemically resistant and therefore can be harder to kill using antibiotics.
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How do bacteria move?
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They move using flagella, fimbriae, and pili.
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What is the cell wall made up of in bacteria?
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Peptidoglycan.
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What is peptidoglycan?
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A polymer of disaccharide: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).
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What are some details about a gram positive bacteria's cell wall?
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Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, may regulate movement of cations, polysaccharides provide antigenic variation, 2-ring basal body, disrupted by lysozme, and is penicillin sensitive.
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What are some details about a gram negative bacteria's cell wall?
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Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, periplasmic space, 4-ring basal body, endotoxin, and tetracycline sensative
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What are some details about acid-fast bacteria's cell walls?
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They are like gram positive, waxy lipi (mycolic acid) is bound to peptidoglycan.
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What are some details about mycoplasma's cell walls?
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They lack cell walls! They have sterols in plasma membrane.
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What are some details about archaea cell walls?
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No cell walls, or walls of pseudomurein which lack NAM and D-amino acids.
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What does lysozyme do to a cell wall?
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Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidogylcan
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What is a protoplast?
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A wall-less cell.
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What is a spheroplast?
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A wall-less gram-positive cell.
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What are protoplasts and spheroplasts susceptible to?
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Osmotic lysis.
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What are L forms?
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Wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes.
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Why are drugs that target cell wall synthesis useful?
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They are useful because animal cells do not contain cell walls and therefore won't be damaged by the cell-wall destroying drug.
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Why are mycoplasmas resistant to antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis?
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They have no cell walls.
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How do protoplasts differ from L forms?
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L forms swell into irregular shapes while protoplasts just don't have a cell wall.
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What is the structural components of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?
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Phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, transmembrane, and proteins.
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What are the chemical components of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?
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It is selectively permeable, there are enzymes for ATP production, and there are photosynthetic pigments on folding called chromatophores or thylakoids.
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What are the functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?
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Simple and facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transportation and group translocation.
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