Microbiology Chapter 4 (Black Text)

Front 1

prokaryotic cells - genetic material

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usually found in single circular chromosome

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prokaryotic cells - location of genetic information

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nuclear region (nucleoid)

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prokaryotic cells - nucleolus

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absent

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prokaryotic cells - histones

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absent

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prokaryotic cells - extrachromosomal dna

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in plasmids

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prokaryotic cells - mitotic spindle

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absent

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prokaryotic cells - plasma membrane

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fluid mosaic structure lacking sterols

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prokaryotic cells - internal membranes

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only in photosynthetic organisms

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prokaryotic cells - endoplasmic reticulum

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absent

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prokaryotic cells - respiratory enzymes

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cell membrane

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prokaryotic cells - chromatophores

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present in photosynthetic bacteria

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prokaryotic cells - chloroplasts

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absent

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prokaryotic cells - golgi apparatus

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absent

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prokaryotic cells - lysosomes

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absent

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prokaryotic cells - peroxisomes

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absent

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prokaryotic cells - ribosomes

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70S

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prokaryotic cells - cytoskeleton

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absent

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prokaryotic cells - cell wall

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peptidoglycan found on most cells

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prokaryotic cells - external layer

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capsule or slime player

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prokaryotic cells - flagella

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when present, consist of fibrils of flagellin

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prokaryotic cells - cilia

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absent

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prokaryotic cells - pili

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present as attachment or conjugation pili in some prokaryotic cells

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prokaryotic cells - cell division

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binary fission

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prokaryotic cells - sexual exchange of genetic material

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not part of reproduction

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prokaryotic cells - sexual or asexual reproduction

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only asexual reproduction

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eukaryotic cells - genetic material

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typically found in paired chromosomes

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eukaryotic cells - location of genetic information

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membrane-enclosed nucleus

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eukaryotic cells - nucleolus

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present

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eukaryotic cells - histones

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present

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eukaryotic cells - extrachromosomal dna

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in organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, and in plasmids

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eukaryotic cells - mitotic spindle

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present during cell division

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eukaryotic cells - plasma membrane

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fluid mosaic structure containing sterols

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eukaryotic cells - internal membranes

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numerous membrane-enclosed organelles

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eukaryotic cells - endoplasmic reticulum

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present

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eukaryotic cells - respiratory enzymes

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mitochondria

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eukaryotic cells - chromatophores

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absent

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eukaryotic cells - chloroplasts

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present in some

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eukaryotic cells - golgi apparatus

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present

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eukaryotic cells - lysosomes

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present

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eukaryotic cells - peroxisomes

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present

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eukaryotic cells - ribosomes

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80S in cytoplasm and on endoplasmic reticulum, 70S in organelles

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eukaryotic cells - cytoskeleton

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present

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eukaryotic cells - cell wall

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cellulose, chitin, or both found on plant and fungal cells

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eukaryotic cells - external layer

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pellicle, test, or shell in certain protists

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eukaryotic cells - flagella

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when present, consist of complex membrane-enclosed structure with "9+2" microtubule arrangement

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eukaryotic cells - cilia

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present as structures shorter than, but similar to, flagella in some eukaryotic cells

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eukaryotic cells - pili

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absent

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eukaryotic cells - cell division

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mitosis and/or meiosis

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eukaryotic cells - sexual exchange of genetic material

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meiosis

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eukaryotic cells - sexual or asexual reproduction

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sexual or asexual reproduction

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all prokaryotes are

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bacteria

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eukaryotes include

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all plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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name of two prokaryotic domains

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arachea and bacteria

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do arachea cause disease?

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not as far as we know at this point

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average range of size of prokaryotes

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0.5 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter

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bacteria, surface-to-volume ratio

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large

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three basic shapes of bacteria

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spherical, rodlike, and spiral

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coccus

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sphere

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bacillus

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rod

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vibrio

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comma-shaped

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spirilium

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rigid, wavy shape

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spherochete

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corkscrew shaped

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diplo-

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division in one plane; cells in pairs

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strepto-

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division in one plane; cells in chains

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tetrads

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division in two planes; four cells arranged in a cube

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sarcinae

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division in three planes; eight cells arranged in a cube

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staphylo-

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division in random planes; grapelike clusters

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purpose of cell wall

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maintains characteristic shape and prevents cell from bursting when fluids flow into the cell via osmosis

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peptidoglycan is also called

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murein

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most important component of bacterial cell wall

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peptidoglycan

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teichoic acid

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outer membrane

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bilayer membrane found on outermost layer of cell wall in gram-negative bacteria

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lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aka

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endotoxin

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LPS

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important part of outer membrane that is not released until cell walls of dead bacteria are broken down

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LPS composition

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polysaccharaides and lipid A (lipid A conveys toxic properties)

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periplasmic space

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gap between cell membrane and cell wall

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periplasmic space is active area of

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cell metabolism

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periplasm

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petidoglycan, protein constituents, and metabolites found in the periplasmic space

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peptidoglycan (murein) comprised of

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two alternating sugar units: (1) n-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and (2) n-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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peptidoglycan (murein) sugars are joined by

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short peptide chains that consist of four amino acids (tetrapeptides)

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outer membrane is attached to peptidogycan by

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a continuous layer of lipoprotein molecules

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proteins called _____ form channels through the OM

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porins

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the outer membrane contains _______ and ______

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surface antigens and receptors

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periplasmic space contains

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the cell wall, digestive enzymes and transport proteins

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gram-positive bacteria lack both _____ and _____

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an OM and a periplasmic space

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gram-positive bacteria have a relatively thick layer of

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peptidoglycan (60-90%)

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gram-negative bacteria have

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a more complex cell wall with a thin layer of peptidogycan (10-20%)

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acid-fast bacteria, characteristics

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thick, like that of gram-positive bacteria, but has much less peptidoglycan and about 60% lipid

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acid-fast bacteria are found in the genus

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Mycobacterium sp.

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cell wall of acid-fast bacteria is mainly composed of

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lipids

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the lipid component of acid-fast bacteria is

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mycolic acid

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acid-fast bacteria stain

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gram-positive

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antibiotic penicillin blocks what to damage cell walls?

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the final stages of peptidogycan synthesis

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enzyme lysozyme digests what?

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peptidoglycan

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lysozyme is found

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in tears and other human body secretions

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bacterial cells typically contain in their cytoplasm

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ribosomes, nucleoid region, vacuoles, and (some) endospores

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ribosomes consist of

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ribonucleic acid (rna) & protein

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ribosomes serve as sites of

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protein synthesis

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ribosomes are abundant in

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the cytoplasm of bacteria

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# of ribosomes in bacteria and eukaryotes

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70S in bacteria; 80S in eukaryotes

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long chains of ribosomes are called

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polyribosomes

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streptomycin & erythromycin function against bacteria by

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binding specifically to 70S ribosomes and disrupting bacterial protein synthesis

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nuclear region/nucleoid consists of

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dna, rna, & protein

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dna in bacteria is structured as

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usually one large, circular chromosome

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vibrio cholerae nuclei contain

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two chromosomes, one large and one small

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plasmids are

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extrachromosomal pieces of smaller, circular dna

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photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria contain

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internal membrane systems, aka chromatophores

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chromatophores are derived from

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the cell membrane and contain the photosynthetic pigments

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nitrifying bacteria also have

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internal membranes

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inclusions

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small bodies inside the bacterial cytoplasm

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granules

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not membrane bound and contain densely compacted substances (glycogen or polyphosphate)

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vesicles

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specialized membrane-enclosed structures that contain gas or poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (lipid)

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endospores

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centralized resting structure found in bacteria such as Bacillus sp. and Clostridium sp.

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endospores function to

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help the bacterial cells survive when conditions become unfavorable

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endospores are highly resistant to

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heat, drying, acids, bases, certain disinfectants and radiation

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external structure of bacteria

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bacteria may have structures that extend beyond or surround the cell wall

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types of external bacterial structures

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flagella and pili (which extend from the cell membrane through the cell wall and beyond) and capsules and slime layers (which surround the cell wall)

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bacterial flagella - monotrichous

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bacteria with a single polar flagellum located at one end (pole)

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bacterial flagella - amphitrichous

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bacteria with two flagella, one at each end

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bacterial flagella - peritrichous

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bacteria with flagella all over the surface

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bacterial flagella - atrichous

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bacteria without flagella

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bacterial flagella - lophotrichous

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two or more flagella

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endosymbiotic theory

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organelles of eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells that had developed a symbiotic relationship with the eukaryote-to-be

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symbiosis

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relationship between two different kinds of organisms that live in close contect

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endosymbiosis

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two different kinds of organisms living in close contact, where one lives inside the other

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simple diffusion

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the net movement of particles from a region of higher to lower concentration

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facilitated diffusion

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diffusion down a concentration gradient and across a membrane with the assistance of special pores or carrier molecules

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osmosis

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the diffusion of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a semipermiable membrane

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active transport

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movemebt of molecules and ions against concentration gradients from regions of lower concentration to ones of higher conecntration; requires ATP

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osmotic pressure

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pressure required to prevent the net flow of water by osmosis; the least amount of hydrostatic pressure req'd to prevent movement of water from solution into pure water is the osmotic pressure of the solution

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positive chemotaxis

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net result is movement towards the attractant (nutrients)

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negative chemotaxis

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net result is movement away from the repellent

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pilus, pili

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tiny, hollow projections used to attach bacteria to surfaces; not involved in movement

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F-pili

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long conjugation pili, "sex" pili

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fimbriae

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short attachment pili

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glycocalyx

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all polysaccharide/polypeptide-containg substances found external to cell wall, including capsules, slime layers

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all bacteria have at least ________ layer

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a thin slime layer

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capsule

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protective structure outside the cell wall of the organism from which it is secreted

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capsules found in

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only certain bacteria

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chemical composition of capsules

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unique to the strain of bacteria that secreted it

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encapsulated bacteria are able to

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evade host defense mechanisms (phagocytosis)

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slime layer

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less tightly bound to cell wall; thinner than a capsule

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slime layer, function of

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protects cell against drying; traps nutrients and binds cells together (biofilm)

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endocytosis

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moving substance by forming an invagination and surrounding substances from outside the cell

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exocytosis

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vesicles inside cell fuse with plasma membrane and extrude contents from the cell