Microbiology Chapter 4 Anatomy Of Procaryotes

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Prokaryote

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pre nucleus;
One circular piece DNA
not in a membrane

no histones
no organelles
peptidoglycan cell walls

binary fission

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Eukaryote

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true nucleus;
Paired (homologous) chromosomes
within nuclear membrane

histones
organelles
polysaccharide (plants) or chitin (fungi) or no cell wall (animal)
mitosis

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Back 3

bacillus

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spirillum

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Mycoplasma

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diplococci and diplobacilli

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pairs

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clusters

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staphylococci

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Glycocalyx

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"capsule"
outside cell wall

extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach to surfaces and one another

Virulence Factor: capsules prevent phagocytosis by neutrophiles and macrophages

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virulence factor

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any property of a bacterium that allows it to avoid host defenses and cause disease

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Flagella

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Hint 10

filament
protein flagellin
attached to a protein hook
anchored within the wall and membrane by the basal body (rotates like propeller)
virulence factor: penetrate mucous secretions
move away from toxins

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Axial Filaments

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Endoflagella
In spirochetes
Ex. syphilis
Rotation causes cell to move

A specialized spirillum shape “corkscrew”

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G+ (not easily decolorized)
(Type of cell wall)

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thick cell wall (peptidoglycan)
cell membrane (yellow)
(Alcohol dehydrates thick peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave
Cells filled with blue stain and cannot be counterstained)

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G- (rapidly decolorized)

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outer membrane (yellow)
thin peptidoglycan
cell membrane (yellow)
(Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in thin peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out)
Cells are colorless and able to pick up the red counterstain

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Lysozyme

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Enzyme in tears saliva, tissue secretions
digests peptidoglycan
Cell are killed as a result of osmotic lysis
cell does not have to be growing to be affected by lysozyme

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Penicillin

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inhibits formation of peptidoglycan
actively growing cells lack a cell wall
cells are killed as a result of osmotic lysis
Cell must be actively growing to be affected by penicillin

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Plasma Membrane

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Phospholipid bilayer (viscous as olive oil)
Proteins move laterally and rotate
peripheral proteins
Trans membrane proteins

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Phospholipid bilayer

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(viscous as olive oil)
selective permeability

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eucaryotic cells (mitochodria)

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mitochondria arose from symbiotic relationship between primative eucaryotic cell and bacteria.

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Cytoplasm

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Cytoplasm is the sum total of all the dissolved substance within the plasma membrane
sugars, amino acids, phospholipids, minerals

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Ribosomes

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small ‘sand-like’ particles ~20nm diameter
30S and 50S subunit
function in protein synthesis (translation of mRNA)
Bacterial ribosomes are similar to ribosomes (70S) found inside mitochondria of eucaryotic cells but differ slightly from ribosomes associated with endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm (80S)

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Inclusions

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Examples:
Metachromatic granules (volutin)
Polysaccharide granules
Lipid inclusions
Sulfur granules
Magnetosomes (Iron Oxide)
Phosphate Reserves
Energy Reserves

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Endospores

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dormant structure
resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals

sporulation: Endospore formation
germination: return to vegetative state
pathogenic spore-formers

ex:
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium perfringenes
Clostridium botulinium

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Pleomorphic

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all different shapes

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Plant versus Animal cell

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plants have a cell wall, animal cells do not