Microbiology Chapter 4, 6 & 7

Front 1

Peroxisome

Back 1

Organelle that oxidizes amino acids, fatty acid, and alcohol

Front 2

Death phase

Back 2

Period of logarithmic decrease in bacterial population; aka logarithmic decline phase

Front 3

Photoautotroph

Back 3

Organism using light as energy source and carbon dioxide as carbon source

Front 4

Histone

Back 4

Protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes

Front 5

Axial filament

Back 5

Structure for motility found in Spirochetes aka endoflagellum

Front 6

Quaternary ammonium compound (quat)

Back 6

Cationic detergent with 4 organic groups attached to central nitrogen atom; disinfectant

Front 7

Cyanobacteria

Back 7

Oxygen producing photoautotroph in prokaryotes

Front 8

Mesosome

Back 8

Irregular fold in plasma membrane of prokaryotic cell that is an artifact for prep for microscopy

Front 9

Log phase

Back 9

Period of bacterial growth or logarithmic increase in cell numbers; aka exponential growth phase

Front 10

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 10

Membranous network eukaryotic cells connecting plasma membrane with nuclear membrane

Front 11

Sporulation

Back 11

Process of spore and endospore formation aka sporogenesis

Front 12

CFU (colony-forming unit)

Back 12

Visible bacterial colonies on solid media

Front 13

Cistern

Back 13

Flattened membranous sac in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex

Front 14

Catalase

Back 14

Enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Front 15

Osmotic lysis

Back 15

Rupture of plasma membrane results in movement of water into cell

Front 16

Chemotaxis

Back 16

Movement in response to presence of chemical

Front 17

Obligate anaroebe

Back 17

Organism does not use molecular oxygen and kills presence of oxygen

Front 18

Prokaryote

Back 18

Cell whose genetic material not enclosed in nuclear envelope

Front 19

Ribosome

Back 19

Site of protein synthesis in cell, composed of RNA and protein

Front 20

Centrome

Back 20

Eukaryotic cell consisting of pericentriolar area protein fibers and pair of ventricles forms mitotic spindle

Front 21

Diplococci

Back 21

Cocci divided and remain attached in pairs

Front 22

Nuclear envelope

Back 22

Double membrane separates nucleus from cytoplasm in eukaryotic cell

Front 23

Spread plate method

Back 23

Plate count method in which inoculum spreads over the surface solid culture medium

Front 24

Carboxysome

Back 24

Prokaryotic inclusion ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase

Front 25

Iodophor

Back 25

Complex of iodine and detergent

Front 26

Cilium

Back 26

Short cellular projection from eukaryotic cells composed of nine pairs plus 2 microtubules

Front 27

Cytoskeleton

Back 27

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules providing support and movement for eukaryotic cytoplasm

Front 28

Halophile

Back 28

Organism requires high salt concentration for growth

Front 29

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Back 29

Molecule consisting of lipid and polysaccharide forms outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls

Front 30

Bacterial growth curve

Back 30

Graph indicates growth of bacterial population over time

Front 31

Volutin

Back 31

Stored inorganic phosphate in prokaryotic cell

Front 32

Forespore

Back 32

Structure consisting of chromosome, cytoplasm, and endospore membrane inside a bacterial cell

Front 33

Inoculum

Back 33

Microbes introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth

Front 34

Pili

Back 34

Appendage on a bacterial cell use for conjugation and gliding motility

Front 35

Spontaneous mutation

Back 35

Mutation occurs without a mutagen

Front 36

Diffusion

Back 36

Net movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 37

Nitrosamine

Back 37

Carcinogen formed by the combination of nitrite and amino acids

Front 38

Crista

Back 38

Folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Front 39

tetrad

Back 39

group of four cocci

Front 40

Polypeptide

Back 40

a chain of amino acids and a group of antibiotics

Front 41

Bacillus

Back 41

Any rod-shaped bacterium written as a genus bacillus, endospore forming, facultatively anaerobic, gram positive bacteria

Front 42

Organelle

Back 42

Membrane enclosed structure within eukaryotic cell

Front 43

Uncoating

Back 43

Separation of viral nucleic acid from its protein coat

Front 44

Pour plate method

Back 44

Method of inoculating a solid nutrient medium by mixing bacterial and the melted medium and pouring the medium into a petri dish to solidify

Front 45

Filtration

Back 45

Passage of liquid or gas through a screen like material a .45 micrometer filter removes most bacteria

Front 46

Monomorphic

Back 46

Having a single shape most bacteria always present with the genetically determined shape

Front 47

Osmotic pressure

Back 47

force with which of solvent moves from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration

Front 48

Hypotonic solution

Back 48

Solution that has a lower concentration of solute than an isotonic solution

Front 49

Hypertonic solution

Back 49

Solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than an isotonic solution

Front 50

Fluid mosaic model

Back 50

A way of describing the dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane

Front 51

Surface active agent

Back 51

any compound that decreases the tension between molecules lying on the surface of a liquid also called surfactant

Front 52

Culture medium

Back 52

Nutrient prepare for growth of microorganisms in a laboratory

Front 53

obligate halophile

Back 53

Organism that requires high osmotic pressures such as high concentration of sodium

Front 54

Endospore

Back 54

Resting structure form inside some bacteria

Front 55

Biocide

Back 55

Substance capable of killing microorganisms

Front 56

Sarcinae

Back 56

A group of eight bacteria that remain in a packet after dividing when written as a genus refers to a gram positive anaerobic cocci

Front 57

Thylakoid

Back 57

Chlorophyll containing membrane in a chloroplast a bacterial thylakoid is also known as a chromatrophore

Front 58

Atrichous

Back 58

Bacteria lacks flagella

Front 59

Eukaryote

Back 59

Cell having DNA inside of distinct membrane enclosed nucleus

Front 60

Svedburg unit (S)

Back 60

Note the relative rates of sedimentation during ultra-high speed centrifugation

Front 61

Trans

Back 61

Hydrogen atoms on opposite side across a double bond in a fatty acid

Front 62

Thermal death time (TDT)

Back 62

Length of time required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture at a given temperature

Front 63

Endocytosis

Back 63

Process by which material is moved into a eukaryotic cell

Front 64

Asepsis

Back 64

Absence of contamination by unwanted organisms

Front 65

Deep freezing

Back 65

Preservation of bacterial cultures at 250 Celsius to 295 Celsius

Front 66

Nuclear pore

Back 66

Opening in the nuclear envelope through which materials enter and exit the nucleus

Front 67

Periplasm

Back 67

Region of a gram-negative cell wall between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane

Front 68

Serial dilutions

Back 68

Process of diluting a sample several times

Front 69

Motility

Back 69

Ability of an organism to move by itself

Front 70

stationary phase

Back 70

Period in a bacterial growth curve when the number of cells dividing equals the number dying

Front 71

Nutrient agar

Back 71

Nutrient broth containing agar made of seaweed

Front 72

Selective permeability

Back 72

Property of a plasma membrane to allow certain molecules and ions to move through the membrane while restricting others

Front 73

Histone

Back 73

Protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes

Front 74

Logarithmic decline phase

Back 74

Death face

Front 75

Capnophile

Back 75

Microorganism that grows best at relatively high carbon dioxide concentrations

Front 76

Amphitrichous

Back 76

Having flagella at both ends of a cell

Front 77

Chromosome

Back 77

Structure that carries hereditary information contains genes

Front 78

Chemotaxis

Back 78

Movement and response the presence of a chemical

Front 79

Lysis

Back 79

Destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane resulting in the loss of cytoplasm and disease a gradual period of decline

Front 80

Coccobacillus

Back 80

Bacterium is an oval rod

Front 81

Sterilization

Back 81

Removal of all microorganism including endospores

Front 82

Microtubule

Back 82

Hollow tube made of a Protein tubulin in the structural unit of eukaryotic flagella and centrioles

Front 83

Microaerophiles

Back 83

Organism that grows best in an environment with less molecular oxygen that is normally found in air

Front 84

Facultatively anaerobe

Back 84

Organisms that can grow with or without molecular oxygen

Front 85

Glycocalyx

Back 85

Gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell

Front 86

Obligate anaerobe

Back 86

Organisms that does not use molecular oxygen and is killed in the presence of oxygen

Front 87

Non ionizing radiation

Back 87

Short wavelength radiation that does not cause ionization ultraviolet radiation is an example

Front 88

hyperthermophile

Back 88

Organisms whose optimum growth temperature is at least 80 Celsius also called extreme thermophile

Front 89

Taxonomy

Back 89

Science of classification of organisms

Front 90

Active transport

Back 90

Net movement of substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient requires the cell to expend energy

Front 91

Lyophilization

Back 91

Freezing a substance and sublimating the ice in a vacuum also called freeze-drying

Front 92

Biosafety level (BSL)

Back 92

Safety guidelines for working with live microorganisms in a laboratory four levels call BSL 1 through BSL 4

Front 93

Microwave

Back 93

Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength

Front 94

Plasmid

Back 94

Small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

Front 95

Bacteriostasis

Back 95

Treatment capable inhibiting bacterial growth

Front 96

Lag phase

Back 96

Time interval in a bacterial growth curve during which there is no growth

Front 97

Thermoduric

Back 97

Heat resistant

Front 98

Bisphenol

Back 98

Phenolic that contains two phenol groups connected by a bridge

Front 99

H antigen

Back 99

Flagella antigens of entericsidentified by serological testing

Front 100

Streak plate method

Back 100

Method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of a solid culture medium

Front 101

Peritrichous

Back 101

Having flagella distributed over the entire cell

Front 102

Cilia

Back 102

Relatively short cellular production from some eukaryotic cells compose of 9 pairs +2 microtubules

Front 103

Reducing medium

Back 103

Culture medium containing ingredients that will remove dissolved oxygen from the medium to allow the growth of anaerobes

Front 104

Peptidoglycan

Back 104

Structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of molecules N-acetyglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and peptide side chain

Front 105

Sepsis

Back 105

Presence of the toxin or pathogenic organism in blood and tissue

Front 106

Magnetosome

Back 106

Iron oxide inclusion produced by some gram-negative bacteria acts like a magnet

Front 107

Nitrogen fixation

Back 107

Conversion of nitrogen into ammonia

Front 108

Endoflagellum

Back 108

Axial filament

Front 109

Lophotrichous

Back 109

Having two or more flagella at one end of a cell

Front 110

Ribosome

Back 110

Site of protein synthesis in a cell composed of RNA and protein

Front 111

Optimum growth temperature

Back 111

Temperature which species grows best

Front 112

Granum

Back 112

Stack of thylakoid membrane

Front 113

Thermophile

Back 113

Organism whose optimum growth temperature between 50 Celsius and 60 Celsius, heat loving microbe

Front 114

Polar flagella

Back 114

Having flagella at one or both ends of cell

Front 115

Phenol

Back 115

carbolic acid

Front 116

Cytosol

Back 116

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Front 117

Peroxidase

Back 117

Enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide

Front 118

Colony

Back 118

Visible mass microbial cells arising from one cell or from a group of same microbes

Front 119

Centrosome

Back 119

Region in eukaryotic cell consists of pericentriolar area protein fibers and pair of centrioles involved formation of mitotic spindle

Front 120

Sterile

Back 120

Free of microoganisms

Front 121

Maximum growth temperature

Back 121

Highest temperature at which a species can grow

Front 122

D value

Back 122

Decimal reduction time

Front 123

Spirillum

Back 123

Corkscrew shape bacterium when written genus refers aerobic helical bacteria with clumps of polar flagella

Front 124

Metachromatic granule

Back 124

Granule store inorganic phosphate and stain red with certain blue dyes, characteristic of corynebacterium diphtheria known as volutin

Front 125

Chromatrophore

Back 125

In folding in plasma membrane where bacterio-chlorophyll located in photoautotroph in bacteria known as thylakoids

Front 126

Aldehyde

Back 126

Organic molecule with the functional group

Front 127

Secretory vesicle

Back 127

Membrane enclosed sac produced by the endoplasmic reticulum transports synthesized material into cytoplasm

Front 128

Plasmolysis

Back 128

Loss of water from a cell in a hypertonic environment

Front 129

Obligate aerobe

Back 129

Organism that requires molecular oxygen to live

Front 130

Binary fission

Back 130

Prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells

Front 131

Peroxisome

Back 131

Organelle that oxidizes amino acids fatty acids and alcohol

Front 132

Generation time

Back 132

Time required for a cell population to double in number

Front 133

Streptobacillus

Back 133

Rods that remain attached in chains after cell division

Front 134

Centriole

Back 134

Structure consisting of nine microtubule triplets found in eukaryotic cells

Front 135

Cistern

Back 135

Flattened membranous sacs in endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex

Front 136

Storage vesicle

Back 136

Organelles that form from the Golgi complex contain proteins made in the rough ER and process in the Golgi complex

Front 137

Antisepsis

Back 137

Chemical methods for the infection of the skin or mucous membranes the chemical is called an antiseptic

Front 138

Golgi complex

Back 138

Organelle involved in the secretion of certain proteins

Front 139

Sterilization

Back 139

Removal of all microorganism including endospores

Front 140

Spheroplast

Back 140

Gram negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall resulting in a spherical cell

Front 141

Flagellum

Back 141

Thin appendage from the surface of a cell used for cellular locomotion composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells compose of 9 1 2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells

Front 142

Autoclave

Back 142

Equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure usually operated at 15 psi and 121 Celsius

Front 143

Chloroplast

Back 143

Organelle that performs photosynthesis and photoautotrophic eukaryotes

Front 144

Pychrophile

Back 144

Organism that grows best at about 15 Celsius and does not go above 20 Celsius a cold loving microbe

Front 145

Sanitization

Back 145

Removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas

Front 146

Smooth ER

Back 146

Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes

Front 147

Plasma cytoplasmic membrane

Back 147

Selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell outer layer and animal cells internal to the cell wall and other organisms

Front 148

Flaming

Back 148

Process of sterilizing and inoculating loop by holding it in an open flame

Front 149

Decimal reduction time DRT

Back 149

The time in minutes required to kill 90% of a bacterial population at a given temperature also called d value

Front 150

Facilitated diffusion

Back 150

Movement of a substance across the plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration mediated by transporter proteins

Front 151

Organic growth factor

Back 151

Essential organic compound that an organism is unable to synthesize

Front 152

Endosymbiotic theory

Back 152

Model for the evolution of eukaryotes which states that organelles arose from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote

Front 153

Mesophile

Back 153

Organism that grows between about 10 Celsius and 50 Celsius a moderate temperature loving microbe

Front 154

High temperature short time HTST pasteurization

Back 154

Pasteurized at 72 Celsius for 15 seconds

Front 155

Plasma

Back 155

Liquid portion of blood in which the formed elements are suspended excited gas is used for sterilizing

Front 156

Trace element

Back 156

Chemical element required in small amounts for growth

Front 157

Direct microscope count

Back 157

Enumeration of cells by observation through a microscope

Front 158

Hydroxyl

Back 158

Covalently bonded to a molecule forms an alcohol

Front 159

Acidophile

Back 159

Bacterium that grows below pH 4

Front 160

Nucleolus

Back 160

An area in a eukaryotic nucleus where rRNA is synthesized

Front 161

Slime layer

Back 161

Glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

Front 162

Pinocytosis

Back 162

Taking in molecules by infolding of the plasma membrane in eukaryotes

Front 163

Pasteurization

Back 163

Process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens

Front 164

ultra high temperature UHT treatment

Back 164

Method of treating food with high temperatures 140 to 150 Celsius for very short time to make the food sterile so that it can be stored at room temperature

Front 165

Lysosome

Back 165

Organelle containing digestive enzymes

Front 166

Equilibrium

Back 166

Point of even distribution

Front 167

Spirochetes

Back 167

Corkscrew shaped bacteria with axial filaments

Front 168

Desiccation

Back 168

Removal of water

Front 169

Phenolic

Back 169

The derivative of phenol used as a disinfectant

Front 170

Nutrient broth

Back 170

Complex medium made of beef extract and peptone

Front 171

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Back 171

Organism does not use molecular oxygen not affected by its presence

Front 172

Protoplast

Back 172

Gram positive bacterium or plant cell treated to remove cell wall

Front 173

Mitosis

Back 173

Eukaryotic cell replication process in which chromosomes are duplicated; usually followed by division of cytoplasm of cell

Front 174

Atrichous

Back 174

Bacteria lacks flagella

Front 175

Storage vesicle

Back 175

Organelles form Golgi complex contain protein made in rough ER and processed in Golgi complex

Front 176

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

Back 176

Glycocalyx permits bacteria to attach to various surfaces

Front 177

Mycolic acid

Back 177

Long chained branch fatty acid characteristic of members of genus Mycobacterium

Front 178

Isotonic solution

Back 178

A solution after immersion of cell, osmotic pressure is equal across cell's membrane

Front 179

Fimbriae

Back 179

Hairline appendages allow attachment

Front 180

Pili

Back 180

Conjugation involved in DNA transfer from one cell to one another

Front 181

Cell wall

Back 181

Prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane

Front 182

Peptidoglycan

Back 182

NAG- N- acetylglucosamine

NAM- N-acetylmuramic (NAM) linked by polypeptides

Front 183

Gram- positive cell wall

Back 183

Thick peptidoglycan, technical acids, antigenic, carry negative charge, regulate movement of cations, 2 rings in basal body of flagella, high susceptibility to PCN, disrupted by lysozyme

Front 184

Gram- negative cell wall

Back 184

Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, periplasmic space, more complex, lipolysacharide, lipoprotein, phospholipid, 4 rings in basal body of flagella, produce endorphins and exotoxins, low susceptibility to PCN, produce extoxins

Front 185

Porins

Back 185

Proteins form channels through membrane. Gram negative

Front 186

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Back 186

Gram negative

Front 187

Acid fast cell wall

Back 187

Mycobacterium genus acid fast bacteria like gram positive cell walls, mycolic acid

Front 188

Atypical cell wall

Back 188

Mycoplasmas, no cell wall, Sterols in plasma membrane, polymorphic, free living organism don't require host

Front 189

Archaea

Back 189

Atypical cell wall, wall less or pseudomurein no NAM and d- amino acids) extreme methanogen, extreme halophiles and thermophiles

Front 190

L forms

Back 190

Wall less cells swell into irregular shapes

Front 191

Lysozyme

Back 191

Hydrolyzes bonds in peptidoglycan

Front 192

Protoplast

Back 192

Wall less gram positive cell

Front 193

Spheroplast

Back 193

Wall less gram negative cell

Front 194

Phospholipid bilayer

Back 194

Encloses cytoplasm, peripheral proteins on membrane surface, integral and transmembrane proteins penetrate the membrane, constantly moving

Front 195

Fluid mosaic model

Back 195

Membrane is viscous, proteins move freely various functions, phospholipids rotate and move laterally, self sealing

Front 196

Nucleoid

Back 196

Bacterial chromosome circular thread of DNA containing cell's genetic info. Prokaryotes.

Front 197

Ribosomes

Back 197

Protein synthesis. Made of protein and ribosomal RNA. 70S-Svedburg unit measures sedimentation rate

50s+30s subunits large and small subunit p-prokayote or prime # drop zero eukaryote 80s e-even 8, 6, 4

Front 198

Plasmids

Back 198

R factors-RESISTANCE AGAINST drugs

Front 199

Enodospores

Back 199

Resistant survive boiling, Bacillus and Clostridium. Resistant to dessication, heat, chemicals, and radiation